Compositions and treatments for Haemophilus influenzae

ABSTRACT

Immunogenic peptides, fusion polypeptides, and carrier molecules which include the immunogenic peptides, and immunogenic compositions which include these immunogenic peptides, fusion polypeptides, and/or carrier molecules bearing the peptides, and which are able to elicit antibody production against  Haemophilus influenzae  (Hi), are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of their use in causing an antibody response against one or more strains of Hi.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE STATEMENT

This patent application is a US national stage application filed under 35 USC § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2016/036180, filed Jun. 7, 2016; which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of provisional patent application U.S. Ser. No. 62/173,205, filed on Jun. 9, 2015; and provisional patent application U.S. Ser. No. 62/208,023, filed on Aug. 21, 2015. The entire contents of each of the above-referenced applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) includes both typeable strains (types a, b, c, d, e, and f), which have capsules, and Nontypeable strains, which do not have capsules. Hi causes both invasive and noninvasive infections, including (but not limited to) otitis media, bacteremia, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; as such, Hi is a significant public health burden. The most commonly occurring infection caused by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae NTHi is acute otitis media (AOM). AOM accounts for 33% of visits by children to health care centers and is the most frequent reason children receive antibiotics. The incidence of AOM peaks between 6 and 12 months of life; almost 100% of children in developing communities and two-thirds of children in developed communities experience their first episode of OM (otitis media) by one year of age. By age 3 years, 80% of children in the U.S. have experienced at least one episode, and 40% have three or more recurrent episodes. Compared to children without AOM, those with acute AOM had 2 additional office visits, 0.2 additional emergency room visits, and 1.6 additional prescriptions per year. These visits lead to an estimated incremental increase in outpatient healthcare costs of $314 per year per child. The most common infections due to the typeable strains are bacteremia and meningitis caused by the type b strains.

Historically, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common AOM isolate, and NTHi was the second most common. Since the introduction of the PCV-7 S. pneumoniae vaccine in 2000, the number of cases of OM attributable to S. pneumoniae has markedly decreased. However, the overall number of cases of OM has been reduced only marginally, with reductions of about 7% reported when the PCV-7 vaccine is used in infancy. The relatively minor reduction in the incidence of OM is due to an increase in the proportion of OM attributable to NTHi, and NTHi is now reported as the predominant cause of AOM.

In previous decades, greater than 95% of the cases of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae were due to strains with the type b capsule. However, vaccines based on the type b capsular polysaccharide have virtually eliminated such infections in regions where the vaccine is extensively used. These vaccines are directed exclusively to the type b capsule. Since the NTHi strains do not have a capsule, these vaccines have no effect on NTHi, and NTHi continues to cause invasive disease principally in perinatal infants, young children, and those older than 65 years.

Several lines of evidence suggest that prevention of AOM due to NTHi is possible. First, AOM is largely a disease of infants in whom the serum and mucosal antibodies directed against common pathogens are low. Second, OM-prone children have lower levels of serum antibodies than healthy age-matched controls. Third, individuals with immunodeficiencies are predisposed to repeated NTHi infections. In addition, breast-feeding is associated both with a reduced frequency of AOM and higher levels of serum antibodies against NTHi in the nursing infant. Evidence from animal studies also supports the possibility of preventing AOM caused by NTHi.

For example, it is possible to protect against challenge by pre-immunization with pilins from the challenge isolate, although cross protection against unrelated isolates was not developed. Similarly, peptide motifs of the pilins were shown to protect, but only against homologous challenge. This lack of cross protection presumably results from known sequence heterogeneity of the pilin proteins. Other studies have assessed protection afforded by antibodies to a number of virulence factors, including major and minor outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipooligosaccharide. Finally, an 11-valent S. pneumoniae vaccine using H. influenzae protein D as a carrier molecule afforded partial protection (a reduction of 35%) against NTHi OM in a human clinical trial. However, a non-toxic, broadly cross-reactive immunoprotective NTHi vaccine composition has yet to be produced. It is an object of the present disclosure to provide such a composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Several embodiments of the present disclosure are hereby illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings only illustrate several typical embodiments and are therefore not intended to be considered limiting of the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 depicts protection afforded by anti-HxuC antisera in the infant rat model of NTHi bacteremia. (A) Percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with pentavalent anti-HxuC antisera with detectable bacteremia 48 hours after infection. (B) Percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with antisera against specific HxuC peptides with detectable bacteremia 48 hours after infection. (C) Bacteremic titers in infected infant rats pretreated with antisera against specific HxuC peptides 48 hours after infection.

FIG. 2 depicts distribution of sequenced NTHi isolates using a neighbor joining dendogram of NTHi strains used in the present disclosure. The tree is rooted with Escherichia coli MG1655 and is based on sequence comparisons of the concatenated adk, pgi, recA, infB, and 16s rRNA gene sequences, with bootstrap values of greater than 50% of 1,000 bootstraps indicated. Also included are several non-NTHi sequences: Hp (H. parainfluenzae T3T1), HH (H. haemolyticus ATCC 33390), H. influenzae strain Rd KW20, and the H. influenzae type b strains F3031 and 10810.

FIG. 3 depicts protection afforded by antisera raised against ComE and Hel derived peptides in the infant rat model of NTHi bacteremia. (A) Percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with anti-ComE1 antiserum with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection. (B) Bacteremic titers in infant rats pretreated with anti-ComE1 antisera 24 hours after infection. (C) Percentage of infected rats pre-treated with anti-Hel1 antisera with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection. (D) Bacteremic titers in infant rats pretreated with anti-Hel1 antiserum with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed, in certain embodiments, to immunogenic peptides that are able to elicit antibody production against Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). The present disclosure is also directed, in certain embodiments, to fusion polypeptides and carrier molecules that include the immunogenic peptides, and to immunogenic compositions that include these immunogenic peptides, fusion polypeptides, and/or carrier molecules bearing the peptides. The present disclosure is also directed, in certain embodiments, to methods of use of the above immunogenic peptides/polypeptides/carrier molecules/immunogenic compositions in causing an antibody response against one or more strains of Hi, for example (but not by way of limitation), as vaccines or for generating antisera for active or passive immunization of subjects against multiple strains of Hi; non-limiting strains to which the vaccines or antisera could be raised include both type b strains of Hi and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The present disclosure further includes DNA and RNA nucleic acids that encode the immunogenic peptides, fusion polypeptides, and variants thereof disclosed elsewhere herein. The nucleic acids may be disposed in a vector such as a plasmid, or may be transfected into a host cell that may be cultured to produce the peptides and/or fusion polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is also directed to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies generated against the immunogenic compositions described herein.

As noted above, NTHi causes significant disease, including (but not limited to) otitis media in children, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and invasive disease in susceptible populations. No vaccine is currently available to prevent NTHi disease. The interactions of NTHi and the human host are primarily mediated by lipooligosaccharide and a complex array of surface-exposed proteins (SEPs) that act as receptors, sensors, and secretion systems expressed on the bacterial cell surface. The work disclosed herein indicates that certain SEPs are present in all or nearly all NTHi strains and comprise antibody-accessible epitopes. Initially 15 genomic sequences available in the GenBank database were used. To attach confidence in the selection of conserved proteins, an additional twelve selected genomic sequences generated as part of the present disclosure were used to identify a core set of putative SEPs present in all strains. Sixty-two core SEPs were identified. Highly conserved epitopes from the core SEPs were selected for further assessment. Synthetic peptides based on a subset of these epitopes were used to raise antisera in rats. These antisera were used to assess passive protection in the infant rat model of invasive NTHi infection. Peptides that induced a protective antibody response represent epitopes that are protective and can be used in a vaccine composition to protect against NTHi infection, or against both Hi and NTHi, as described in more detail below. In contrast to the lack of capsule in NTHi, all type b Hi strains have surface exposed proteins, and the sequences of certain surface exposed peptides in these proteins are identical among both the NTHi strains and the encapsulated, typeable strains. Thus, the peptides described herein evoke antisera protective against invasive infections.

Before further description of various embodiments of the peptide, fusion polypeptide, and carrier molecule compositions, as well as methods of use thereof, of the present disclosure in more detail, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited in application to the details of methods and compositions as set forth in the following description. The description provided herein is intended for purposes of illustration only and is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. As such, the language used herein is intended to be given the broadest possible scope and meaning, and the embodiments are meant to be exemplary, not exhaustive. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting unless otherwise indicated as so. Moreover, in the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that various embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, features that are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessary complication of the description. It is intended that all alternatives, substitutions, modifications, and equivalents apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art are included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined herein. Thus the examples described below, which include particular embodiments, will serve to illustrate the practice of the present disclosure, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of particular embodiments only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be a useful and readily understood description of procedures, as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present disclosure. All of the compositions and methods of production and application and use thereof disclosed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. Thus, while the compositions and methods of the present disclosure have been described in terms of particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the present disclosure.

All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains. For example, U.S. Provisional patent applications Ser. No. 62/173,205 and Ser. No. 62/208,023, and all patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications referenced in any portion of this application, are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual patent or publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

As utilized in accordance with the methods and compositions of the present disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or when the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” The use of the term “at least one” will be understood to include one as well as any quantity more than one, including but not limited to, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any integer inclusive therein. The term “at least one” may extend up to 100 or 1000 or more, depending on the term to which it is attached; in addition, the quantities of 100/1000 are not to be considered limiting, as higher limits may also produce satisfactory results. In addition, the use of the term “at least one of X, Y, and Z” will be understood to include X alone, Y alone, and Z alone, as well as any combination of X, Y, and Z.

As used in this specification and claims, the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB.

Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AAB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the composition, the method used to administer the composition, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. As used herein the qualifiers “about” or “approximately” are intended to include not only the exact value, amount, degree, orientation, or other qualified characteristic or value, but are intended to include some slight variations due to measuring error, manufacturing tolerances, stress exerted on various parts or components, observer error, wear and tear, and combinations thereof, for example. The term “about” or “approximately,” where used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass, for example, variations of ±20%, or ±10%, or ±5%, or ±1%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods and as understood by persons having ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term “substantially” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance completely occurs or that the subsequently described event or circumstance occurs to a great extent or degree. For example, the term “substantially” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance occurs at least 90% of the time, or at least 95% of the time, or at least 98% of the time.

As used herein, any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, composition, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

The term “mutant” or “variant” is intended to refer to a protein, peptide, or nucleic acid which has at least one amino acid or nucleotide which is different from the wild type version of the protein, peptide, or nucleic acid, and includes, but is not limited to, point substitutions, multiple contiguous or non-contiguous substitutions, chimeras, or fusion proteins, and the nucleic acids which encode them. Examples of conservative amino acid substitutions include, but are not limited to, substitutions made within the same group such as within the group of basic amino acids (such as arginine, lysine, and histidine), acidic amino acids (such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (such as glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine), aromatic amino acids (such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) and small amino acids (such as glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, and methionine). Other examples of possible substitutions are described below.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to compounds and compositions that are suitable for administration to humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and/or allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

By “biologically active” is meant the ability to modify the physiological system of an organism without reference to how the active agent has its physiological effects.

As used herein, “pure” or “substantially pure” means an object species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molar basis it is more abundant than any other object species in the composition thereof), and particularly a substantially purified fraction is a composition wherein the object species comprises at least about 50 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present. Generally, a substantially pure composition will comprise more than about 80% of all macromolecular species present in the composition, more particularly more than about 85%, more than about 90%, more than about 95%, or more than about 99%. The term “pure” or “substantially pure” also refers to preparations where the object species (e.g., the peptide compound) is at least 60% (w/w) pure, or at least 70% (w/w) pure, or at least 75% (w/w) pure, or at least 80% (w/w) pure, or at least 85% (w/w) pure, or at least 90% (w/w) pure, or at least 92% (w/w) pure, or at least 95% (w/w) pure, or at least 96% (w/w) pure, or at least 97% (w/w) pure, or at least 98% (w/w) pure, or at least 99% (w/w) pure, or 100% (w/w) pure.

The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein and will be understood to refer to a warm-blooded animal, particularly a mammal. Non-limiting examples of animals within the scope and meaning of this term include dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, guinea pigs, chinchillas, horses, goats, cattle, sheep, zoo animals, Old and New World monkeys, non-human primates, and humans.

“Treatment” refers to therapeutic treatments. “Prevention” refers to prophylactic or preventative treatment measures. The term “treating” refers to administering the composition to a patient for therapeutic purposes.

The terms “therapeutic composition” and “pharmaceutical composition” refer to an active agent-containing composition that may be administered to a subject by any method known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein, wherein administration of the composition brings about a therapeutic effect as described elsewhere herein. In addition, the compositions of the present disclosure may be designed to provide delayed, controlled, extended, and/or sustained release using formulation techniques that are well known in the art.

The term “effective amount” refers to an amount of an active agent that is sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeutic effect without excessive adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of the present disclosure. The effective amount for a patient will depend upon the type of patient, the patient's size and health, the nature and severity of the condition to be treated, the method of administration, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific formulations employed, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact effective amount in advance. However, the effective amount for a given situation can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation based on the information provided herein.

The term “peptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids to form an amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the immunogenic peptides can range in length from 8 to 15 to 25 to 40 to 60 to 75 to 100 amino acids, for example, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 amino acids. The term “polypeptide” or “protein” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids, wherein the length is longer than a single peptide. A “fusion protein” or “fusion polypeptide” refers to proteins or polypeptides (and may be used interchangeably) which have been created by recombinant or synthetic methods to combine peptides in a serial configuration.

As used herein “immunogenic composition” refers to a composition containing, for example, peptides, polypeptides, fusion proteins, or carrier molecules with peptides or polypeptides conjugated thereto, which elicits an immune response, such as the production of antibodies in a host cell or host organism. The immunogenic composition may optionally contain an adjuvant. In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition is a vaccine.

Where used herein, the term “antigenic fragment” refers to a fragment of an antigenic peptide described herein that is also able to elicit an immunogenic response.

The term “homologous” or “% identity” as used herein means a nucleic acid (or fragment thereof) or an amino acid sequence (peptide or protein) having a degree of homology to the corresponding reference (e.g., wild type) nucleic acid, peptide, or protein that may be equal to or greater than 70%, or equal to or greater than 80%, or equal to or greater than 85%, or equal to or greater than 86%, or equal to or greater than 87%, or equal to or greater than 88%, or equal to or greater than 89%, or equal to or greater than 90%, or equal to or greater than 91%, or equal to or greater than 92%, or equal to or greater than 93%, or equal to or greater than 94%, or equal to or greater than 95%, or equal to or greater than 96%, or equal to or greater than 97%, or equal to or greater than 98%, or equal to or greater than 99%. For example, in regard to peptides or polypeptides, the percentage of homology or identity as described herein is typically calculated as the percentage of amino acid residues found in the smaller of the two sequences which align with identical amino acid residues in the sequence being compared, when four gaps in a length of 100 amino acids may be introduced to assist in that alignment (as set forth by Dayhoff, in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Vol. 5, p. 124, National Biochemical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. (1972)). In one embodiment, the percentage homology as described above is calculated as the percentage of the components found in the smaller of the two sequences that may also be found in the larger of the two sequences (with the introduction of gaps), with a component being defined as a sequence of four contiguous amino acids. Also included as substantially homologous is any protein product that may be isolated by virtue of cross-reactivity with antibodies to the native protein product. Sequence identity or homology can be determined by comparing the sequences when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps. In particular, sequence identity may be determined using any of a number of mathematical algorithms. A non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm used for comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin & Altschul (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:2264-2268; modified as in Karlin & Altschul (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:5873-5877)). In at least one embodiment, “% identity” represents the number of amino acids or nucleotides that are identical at corresponding positions in two sequences of a protein having the same activity or encoding similar proteins. For example, two amino acid sequences each having 100 residues will have 95% identity when 95 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same. Similarly, two amino acid sequences each having 100 residues will have at least 90% identity when at least 90 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same. Similarly, two amino acid sequences each having 20 residues will have 95% identity when 19 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same, or 90% identity when at least 18 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same, or 85% identity when at least 17 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same, or 80% identity when at least 16 of the amino acids at corresponding positions are the same.

Further, where a sequence is described herein as having “at least X % identity to” a reference sequence, this is intended to include, unless indicated otherwise, all percentages greater than X %, such as for example, (X+1)%, (X+2)%, (X+3)%, (X+4)%, and so on, up to 100%.

Another example of a mathematical algorithm used for comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers & Miller (CABIOS (1988) 4:11-17). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used. Yet another useful algorithm for identifying regions of local sequence similarity and alignment is the FASTA algorithm as described in Pearson & Lipman (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:2444-2448).

Another algorithm is the WU-BLAST (Washington University BLAST) version 2.0 software (WU-BLAST version 2.0 executable programs for several UNIX platforms). This program is based on WU-BLAST version 1.4, which in turn is based on the public domain NCBI-BLAST version 1.4 (Altschul & Gish, 1996, Local alignment statistics, Doolittle ed., Methods in Enzymology 266, 460-480; Altschul et al., Journal of Molecular Biology 1990, 215, 403-410; Gish & States, Nature Genetics, 1993, 3: 266-272; Karlin & Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5873-5877; all of which are incorporated by reference herein).

In addition to those otherwise mentioned herein, mention is made also of the programs BLAST, gapped BLAST, BLASTN, BLASTP, and PSI-BLAST, provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, Md.). These programs are widely used in the art for this purpose and can align homologous regions of two amino acid sequences. In all search programs in the suite, the gapped alignment routines are integral to the database search itself. Gapping can be turned off if desired. The default penalty (Q) for a gap of length one is Q=9 for proteins and BLASTP, and Q=10 for BLASTN, but may be changed to any integer. The default per-residue penalty for extending a gap (R) is R=2 for proteins and BLASTP, and R=10 for BLASTN, but may be changed to any integer. Any combination of values for Q and R can be used in order to align sequences so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps. The default amino acid comparison matrix is BLOSUM62, but other amino acid comparison matrices such as PAM can be utilized.

The terms “polynucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid,” as used herein, include any polynucleotide sequence which encodes a peptide or fusion protein (or polypeptide) including polynucleotides in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form of DNA, including, for instance, cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced by chemical synthetic techniques or by a combination thereof. The DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded DNA may be the coding strand, also known as the sense strand, or it may be the non-coding strand, also referred to as the anti-sense strand. The polynucleotide sequence encoding a peptide or fusion protein, or encoding a therapeutically effective variant thereof, can be substantially the same as the coding sequence of the endogenous coding sequence as long as it encodes an immunogenically-active peptide or fusion protein. Further, the peptide or fusion protein may be expressed using polynucleotide sequence(s) that differ in codon usage due to the degeneracies of the genetic code or allelic variations. Moreover, the peptides and fusion proteins of the present disclosure and the nucleic acids that encode them include peptide/protein and nucleic acid variants that comprise additional substitutions (conservative or non-conservative). For example, the immunogenic peptide variants include, but are not limited to, variants that are not exactly the same as the sequences disclosed herein, but which have, in addition to the substitutions explicitly described for various sequences listed herein, additional substitutions of amino acid residues (conservative or non-conservative) which substantially do not impair the activity or properties of the variants described herein. Examples of such conservative amino acid substitutions may include, but are not limited to: ala to gly, ser, or thr; arg to gln, his, or lys; asn to asp, gln, his, lys, ser, or thr; asp to asn or glu; cys to ser; gln to arg, asn, glu, his, lys, or met; glu to asp, gln, or lys; gly to pro or ala; his to arg, asn, gln, or tyr; ile to leu, met, or val; leu to ile, met, phe, or val; lys to arg, asn, gln, or glu; met to gln, ile, leu, or val; phe to leu, met, trp, or tyr; ser to ala, asn, met, or thr; thr to ala, asn, ser, or met; trp to phe or tyr; tyr to his, phe or trp; and val to ile, leu, or met. One of ordinary skill in the art would readily know how to make, identify, select, or test such variants for immunogenic activity against NTHi.

The terms “infection,” “transduction,” and “transfection” are used interchangeably herein and refer to introduction of a gene, nucleic acid, or polynucleotide sequence into cells such that the encoded protein product is expressed. The polynucleotides of the present disclosure may comprise additional sequences, such as additional coding sequences within the same transcription unit, controlling elements such as promoters, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, additional transcription units under control of the same or different promoters, sequences that permit cloning, expression, homologous recombination, and transformation of a host cell, and any such construct as may be desirable to provide embodiments of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure includes expression vectors capable of expressing one or more fusion polypeptides described herein. Expression vectors for different cell types are well known in the art and can be selected without undue experimentation. Generally, the DNA encoding the fusion polypeptide is inserted into an expression vector, such as (but not limited to) a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognized by the desired host, although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host through standard techniques. Guidance can be found e.g., in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, N.Y. 2001)).

The optimum amount of each peptide to be included in the vaccine and the optimum dosing regimen can be determined by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation. For example (but not by way of limitation), the peptide or its variant may be prepared for intravenous (i.v.) injection, sub-cutaneous (s.c.) injection, intradermal (i.d.) injection, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, or intra-muscular (i.m.) injection. Particular, non-limiting routes of DNA injection are i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p., and i.v. The peptides may be substantially pure or combined with one or more immune-stimulating adjuvants (as discussed elsewhere herein), or used in combination with immune-stimulatory cytokines, or administered with a suitable delivery system, such as (but not limited to) liposomes. Adjuvants are substances that non-specifically enhance or potentiate the immune response (e.g., immune responses mediated by CTLs and helper-T (TH) cells to an antigen, and would thus be considered useful in the composition of the present disclosure when used as a vaccine. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to: 1018 ISS, aluminium salts such as but not limited to alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, or aluminum sulfate, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, Mologen's dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, interferon-alpha or -beta, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMs, Juvlmmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, and other non-toxic LPS derivatives, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50\1, Montanide ISA-51, OK-432, and OM-174. Non-limiting examples of other pharmaceutically suitable adjuvants include nontoxic lipid A-related adjuvants such as, by way of non-limiting example, nontoxic monophosphoryllipid A (see, e.g., Persing et al., Trends Microbial. 10:s32-s37 (2002)), for example, 3 De-0-acylated monophosphoryllipid A (MPL) (see, e.g., United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB 2220211). Other useful adjuvants include QS21 and QuilA that comprise a triterpene glycoside or saponin isolated from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree found in South America (see, e.g., Kensil et al., in Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach (eds. Powell and Newman, Plenum Press, N Y, 1995); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540). Non-limiting examples of other suitable adjuvants include polymeric or monomeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid or polylysine, liposomes, and CpG (see, e.g., Klinman (Int. Rev. Immunol. (2006) 25(3-4): 135-54), and U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,572). Other examples of adjuvants that may be used in the compositions disclosed herein include but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,895,514.

Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) recognize an antigen in the form of a peptide bound to an MHC molecule (e.g., class I or II) rather than the intact foreign antigen itself. The MHC molecule itself is located at the cell surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC). Thus, an activation of CTLs is only possible if a trimeric complex of peptide antigen, WIC molecule, and APC is present. Correspondingly, certain embodiments of the present disclosure include compositions including APCs having the peptides displayed thereon via WIC molecules.

In other embodiments, the composition may include sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids such as glycine, arginine, glutamic acid and others as framework former. The sugars may be mono-, di-, or trisaccharides. These sugars may be used alone as well as in combination with sugar alcohols. Non-limiting examples of sugars include: glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose or sorbose as monosaccharides; saccharose, lactose, maltose or trehalose as disaccharides; and raffinose as a trisaccharide. A sugar alcohol may be, for example (but not b y way of limitation), mannitol and/or sorbitol. Furthermore, the compositions may include physiological well tolerated excipients such as (but not limited to) antioxidants like ascorbic acid or glutathione; preserving agents such as phenol, m-cresol, methyl- or propylparaben, chlorobutanol, thiomersal (thimerosal), or benzalkoniumchloride; and solubilizers such as polyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 3000, 3350, 4000 or 6000, or cyclodextrins, e.g., hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylethyl-cyclodextrin or y-cyclodextrin, or dextrans or poloxamers, e.g., poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, Tween 20 or Tween 80.

In other embodiments, the present disclosure includes a kit comprising (a) a container that contains one or more pharmaceutical compositions as described herein, in solution or in lyophilized form; (b) optionally, a second container containing a diluent or reconstituting solution for the lyophilized formulation; and (c) optionally, instructions for (i) use of the solution or (ii) reconstitution and/or use of the lyophilized formulation. The kit may further comprise one or more of (iii) a buffer, (iv) a diluent, (v) a filter, (vi) a needle, or (vii) a syringe. The container is (in particular, non-limiting embodiments) a bottle, a vial, a syringe, or a test tube; and it may be a multi-use container. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as (but not limited to) glass or plastic. The kit and/or container may contain instructions on or associated with the container that indicates directions for reconstitution and/or use. For example, the label may indicate that the lyophilized formulation is to be reconstituted to peptide concentrations as described above. The label may further indicate that the formulation is useful or intended for subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. The container holding the formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g., from 2-6 administrations) of the reconstituted formulation. The kit may further comprise a second container comprising a suitable diluent (e.g., sodium bicarbonate solution). The kit may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

An antibody that specifically binds to an immunogenic peptide (and to a fusion polypeptide, dimeric peptide, full length or mature protein, or bacteria expressing the protein) may belong to any immunoglobulin class, for example IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, or IgA. For characterizing the immunogenic peptides and fusion polypeptides described herein, use of polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies may be desired. The antibody may be obtained from or derived from an animal, for example, fowl (e.g., chicken) and mammals, which include but are not limited to a mouse, rat, chinchilla, hamster, rabbit, other rodent, a cow, horse, sheep, goat, camel, human, or other primate. As described herein, polyclonal antisera are obtained from an animal by immunizing the animal with an immunogenic composition comprising an immunogenic peptide, a plurality of immunogenic peptides, a fusion polypeptide, or a plurality of fusion polypeptides.

The level to which antibodies bind to an immunogenic peptide or fusion polypeptide as described herein can be readily determined using any one or more immunoassays that are routinely practiced by persons having ordinary skill in the art. By way of non-limiting example, immunoassays include ELISA, immunoblot, radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

Non-human animals that may be immunized with any one or more of the immunogenic peptides, fusion polypeptides, or immunogenic compositions comprising the same, include by way of non-limiting example: mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, ferrets, dogs, cats, camels, sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, goats, chickens, llamas, and non-human primates (e.g., cynomolgus macaque, chimpanzee, rhesus monkeys, orangutan, and baboon). Adjuvants typically used for immunization of non-human animals include, but are not limited to, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, montanide ISA, Ribi Adjuvant System (RAS) (GlaxoSmithKline, Hamilton, Mont.), and nitrocellulose-adsorbed antigen. In general, after the first injection, a subject receives one or more booster immunizations according to a particular (but non-limiting) schedule that may vary according to, inter alia, the immunogen, the adjuvant (if any), and/or the particular subject species. In animal subjects, the immune response may be monitored by periodically bleeding the animal, separating the sera from the collected blood, and analyzing the sera in an immunoassay, such as (but not limited to) an ELISA assay, to determine the specific antibody titer. When an adequate antibody titer is established, the animal subject may be bled periodically to accumulate the polyclonal antisera. Polyclonal antibodies that bind specifically to the immunogen may then be purified from immune antisera, for example, by affinity chromatography using protein A or protein G immobilized on a suitable solid support, as understood by persons having ordinary skill in the art. Affinity chromatography may be performed wherein an antibody specific for an Ig constant region of the particular immunized animal subject is immobilized on a suitable solid support. Affinity chromatography may also incorporate use of one or more immunogenic peptides, or fusion proteins, which may be useful for separating polyclonal antibodies by their binding activity to a particular immunogenic peptide. Monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to an immunogenic peptide and/or fusion protein, and immortal eukaryotic cell lines (e.g., hybridomas) that produce monoclonal antibodies having the desired binding specificity, may also be prepared, for example, using the technique of Kohler and Milstein ((Nature, 256:495-97 (1976); and Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511-19 (1975)) and improvements thereto.

The immunogenic compositions described herein may be formulated by combining a plurality of immunogenic peptides and/or a plurality of fusion polypeptides and/or carrier molecule-linked immunogenic peptides with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As described herein the immunogenic compositions may further comprise a pharmaceutically suitable adjuvant. Typically, all immunogenic peptides or all fusion polypeptides intended to be administered to a subject are combined in a single immunogenic composition, which may include at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and which may further include at least one pharmaceutically suitable adjuvant. Alternatively, for example, multiple immunogenic compositions may be formulated separately for separate administration, which could be by any route described herein or otherwise known in the art and which could be sequential or concurrent.

The immunogenic compositions described herein may be formulated as sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, which as described herein may additionally comprise a physiologically acceptable excipient (which may also be called a carrier) and/or a diluent. The immunogenic compositions may be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas (aerosol). Alternatively, immunogenic compositions described herein may be formulated as a lyophilate (i.e., a lyophilized composition), or may be encapsulated within liposomes using technology well known in the art. As noted elsewhere herein, the immunogenic compositions may also contain other components, which may be biologically active or inactive. Such components include, but are not limited to, buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins (such as albumin), polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione, stabilizers, dyes, flavoring agents, suspending agents, and/or preservatives. In general, as discussed herein, the type of excipient is selected on the basis of the mode of administration. The compositions and preparations described herein may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including, for example (but not by way of limitation): topical, buccal, lingual, oral, intranasal, intrathecal, rectal, vaginal, intraocular, subconjunctival, transdermal, sublingual, or parenteral administration.

Dosage size may generally be determined in accordance with accepted practices in the art. The dose may depend upon the body mass, weight, or blood volume of the subject being treated. In general, the amount of an immunogenic peptide(s), fusion polypeptide(s), and/or carrier molecule composition(s) as described herein that is present in a dose, is in a range of, for example (but not limited to), about 1 μg to about 100 mg, from about 10 μg to about 50 mg, from about 50 μg to about 10 mg and comprising an appropriate dose for a 5-50 kg subject. Booster immunizations may be administered multiple times (e.g., two times, three times, four times, or more), at desired time intervals ranging from, for example, about 2 weeks to about 26 weeks, such as about 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 26 week intervals. The time intervals between different doses (e.g., between the primary dose and second dose, or between the second dose and a third dose) may not be the same, and the time interval between each two doses may be determined independently. Non-limiting embodiments of therapeutically effective amounts of peptides or fusion polypeptides of the present disclosure will generally contain sufficient active substance to deliver from about 0.1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg (weight of active substance/body weight of the subject). Particularly, the composition will deliver about 0.5 μg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, and more particularly about 1 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to peptide compositions comprising at least one or two or three or four or five or more (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) different peptides having an amino acid sequence as set forth in the group of peptides shown in Table 1, Table 3, or Table 4, and/or a variant amino acid sequence thereof that has at least 80%, or at least 81%, or at least 82%, or at least 83%, or at least 84%, or at least 85%, or at least 86%, or at least 87%, or at least 88%, or at least 89%, or at least 90%, or at least 91%, or at least 92%, or at least 93%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to said peptide(s) in the group of Table 1, Table 3, or Table 4, and/or a polynucleotide containing a nucleic acid encoding a peptide in the group of Table 1, Table 3, or Table 4, or the variant amino acid sequence, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The peptides can be either concantenated (conjugated in series with or without linker sequences between the peptides to form one or more fusion polypeptides) or conjugated to one or more carrier molecules, as described in further detail below. For example, the peptides may be conjugated or otherwise coupled to a suitable carrier molecule such as, but not limited to, tetanus toxoid protein, diphtheria toxoid protein, CRM197 protein, Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane complex, Haemophilus influenzae protein D, pertussis toxin mutant, keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), ovalbumin, and/or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Other examples of carrier proteins that may be used include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Applications 2013/0072881, 2013/0209503, and 2013/0337006.

In certain embodiments, the one or more immunogenic peptides comprise, or are contained within, a single fusion polypeptide, or are coupled to one or more carrier molecules. Additional peptides may optionally be provided in a separate fusion polypeptide or carrier molecule than the composition containing the first fusion polypeptide. In one particular embodiment, the fusion polypeptide or carrier molecule comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 immunogenic peptides, at least 5 of which are different from each other. The order in which the immunogenic peptides are linked on the fusion polypeptides may be readily determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art using methods and techniques described herein and routinely practiced in the art, and therefore the order does not require undue empirical, trial and error analysis to ensure optimization of the immunogenicity of each fusion polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the immunogenic peptide at the amino-terminal end of the fusion polypeptide is repeated (i.e., duplicated) at the carboxy terminal end of the fusion polypeptide. Methods of formation of such fusion polypeptides (fusion proteins) are known by persons having ordinary skill in the art; thus, it is not considered necessary to include a detailed discussion thereof herein. However, non-limiting exemplary methods for the formation of fusion polypeptides are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,085, the entirety of which is hereby explicitly incorporated by reference herein.

The individual immunogenic peptides and variants thereof of the present disclosure generally have an overall length in a range from 8 to 100 amino acids, for example in a range from 9 to 75 amino acids, in a range from 10 to 60 amino acids, and in a range from 12 to 30 amino acids, including any integeric value within any of said ranges, including, but not limited to, any of the peptides having a sequence as set forth in Table 1, Table 3, or Table 4. These sequences can be core sequences which further include amino acid flanking extensions on the C-terminal and/or the N-terminal ends. The extensions may comprise, for example, 1 to 12 amino acids, provided that the peptide retains its immunogenicity. As noted above, the variants of the individual immunogenic peptides may have amino acid sequences that have at least 80% or more identity to the peptides of Table 1, Table 3, or Table 4.

The embodiments of the present disclosure will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples and description, which as noted above are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure, and are not intended to be limiting. The following detailed examples and methods describe how to make and use various peptides, fusion proteins, and peptide-linked immunogenic carrier molecules of the present disclosure and are to be construed, as noted above, only as illustrative, and not limitations of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will promptly recognize appropriate variations from the materials and procedures described herein.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions

The NTHi strain R2866 was isolated from the blood of an immunocompetent child with clinical signs of meningitis subsequent to AOM [1]. This strain has previously been utilized in the infant rat model of invasive H. influenzae disease [2]. NTHi strain sequences used to generate alignments included sequences available through GenBank as well as multiple strains sequenced in house. Sequences obtained through GenBank were from the following strains: 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, and NT127. Strains sequenced in house were from the inventor's laboratory collection and included several selected from those typed by electrophoretic mobility of 15 metabolic enzymes [3]. These strains were selected to represent the breadth of the species as defined by electrophoretic type (ET) and were HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, and HI1426 representing, respectively, ET's 13, 26, 43, 53, 68, 77, and 86. An additional five clinical isolates selected from the inventor's collection were also sequenced: HI1722, HI1974, HI2114, HI2116, and HI2343.

Isolates of H. influenzae were routinely maintained on chocolate agar with bacitracin at 37° C. Broth cultures of H. influenzae were grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) agar supplemented with 10 μg/ml heme and 10 μg/ml β-NAD (supplemented BHI; sBHI).

Genome Sequencing of NTHi Strains

Chromosomal DNA was isolated from bacteria recovered from fresh 12 hour broth cultures using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) as described by the manufacturer. Genome sequences of the NTHi strains were obtained using the SOLiD™ V3.0 platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster, Calif.) at the Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (Oklahoma City, Okla.). A 10 μg sample of chromosomal DNA was sonicated with the Covaris S2 focused-ultrasonicator in order to generate fragments of 80-110 bp to be used for building fragment DNA libraries per existing SOLiD™ protocols (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). After shearing, DNA was end repaired and purified using PureLink PCR purification columns (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) per the manufacturer's protocols. SOLID™ sequencing adapters (P1 and P2) were ligated to the DNA fragments, and the samples were run on agarose gels in order to size select and gel purify the 150-200 bp products, followed by PCR amplification and nick translation for the adapter ligated products. Each DNA fragment library was column purified (Qiagen min-elute columns) and quantified using the Invitrogen Qubit fluorometer and broad range DNA assay. A standard amount (60 pg) for each library was used for separate emulsion PCR reactions (ePCR) following existing SOLiD™ protocols. Approximately 2.5×10⁷ beads were deposited for each sample onto a separate region of an octet slide for sequencing. Using the SOLiD™ V3.0, 50-bp sequencing reads were generated for each sample. Resulting high quality reads were compared and aligned to the existing genome sequences of the H. influenzae strains Rd KW20, 86-028NP and 10810 to determine sequence homology using the SETS software tool that is integrated into the SOLiD™ platform. Additional reference alignments and/or assembly of orphan reads were processed using the CLC Genomics Workbench software package (CLC Bio USA, Cambridge, Mass.) and default parameters for de novo assembly.

Annotation of the NTHi genomic sequences was performed in house and was based on comparative analyses between Rd KW20 [4], NTHi 86-028NP [5], and the NTHi R2846 sequences (GenBank Accession number CP002277.1). Genes were predicted using GLIMMER [6], trained on the codon usage pattern in strain Rd KW20. Predicted amino acid sequences for each called gene were compared between strains to determine consensus start sites and to account for frameshifted genes present in each strain. Manual annotation of non-redundant genes was performed by comparison to complete genomic sequences in other bacterial species. Using the sequences of Rd KW20, 86-028NP, R2846, and R2866, the probable ORFs were predicted.

Identification of SEPs Present in all NTHi Strains

Initially, the complement of putative surface-exposed proteins (SEPs) of the isolate NTHi 86-028NP was determined based on the reported annotation of this isolate [5]. Hypothetical proteins were individually examined to determine the presence of leader sequences and/or other indicators that they may be secreted or membrane bound. All identified proteins were then used to query the presence of homologs in the other sequenced NTHi. Absence of a homolog in any of the sequenced NTHi excluded that protein from further consideration. Once each core SEP was identified, Geneious software (Biomatters Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) was used to perform sequence alignments with all the known homologs of a given protein in all the available NTHi genomes.

Molecular Modeling

The identified core SEP genes of NTHI 86-028NP were individually examined to determine homology to other known structurally defined proteins. Structures were generated using Modweb web server (University of California, San Francisco) based on the Modeller algorithm [7,8], the Molecular Modeling Database (Cn3D) and other stand-alone structural prediction algorithms. Proteins that shared no significant similarities with other modeled proteins were examined to determine regions indicative of secondary structure using PRED-TMBB, BOMP (β-barrel), and TMHMM (α-helix) [9-11].

Selection of Peptides

From these models, predicted surface-exposed regions greater than 10 amino acids long were selected. Multiple sequence alignments were performed with each core protein. All NTHi homologs of each protein from both complete and partial gene and genome sequences were used to perform these alignments. For the majority of proteins, more than 40 NTHi sequences were aligned. External regions greater than 10 amino acids in length were further examined to identify the degree of conservation of sequence across the NTHi. Regions with high conservation were selected as potential antigens. Some selected external loops were longer than 25 amino acids. In these cases, AbDesigner [12] was used to determine the most immunogenic region. A truncated synthetic peptide was then selected from this region for further study. Synthetic peptides with >95% purity were synthesized by SynBioSci Corp. (San Francisco, Calif.), Peptide 2.0 Inc. (Chantilly, Va.), or Thermo Fisher (Waltham, Mass.). During synthesis, an aliquot of each peptide was conjugated to Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) to facilitate immunization studies. A second aliquot was conjugated to biotin for use in ELISA assays.

Immunization of Rats and Production of Antisera

Antisera against each synthetic peptide were raised either in-house or by Thermo Fisher in two adult Sprague-Dawley rats (˜300 g) using an 80-day protocol. Initially a pre-immune bleed of approximately 1 ml was performed on each rat. On the following day, rats were immunized with 100 μg of antigen in Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Booster injections were performed on days 21, 42, and 62 with 50 μg of emulsified peptide preparation in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. All immunizations were administered subcutaneously to the dorsum at four to six separate locations to minimize swelling and distress. On day 50, serum samples were collected and antibody titers determined by peptide specific ELISA. Samples with a titer in excess of 3200 were considered suitable for protection studies, and these animals were exsanguinated on day 80. Antisera from Thermo Fisher were shipped on dry ice. All antisera were stored frozen at −80° C. until protection studies were performed.

Rat Model of Hi Bacteremia and Passive Protection Assay

The rat model of bacteremia following intraperitoneal infection with H. influenzae was used to compare the abilities of antisera to protect against invasive disease as previously described [13-15]. Specified pathogen free (SPF), timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles Rivers, Wilmington, Mass.) were received approximately five days prior to giving birth. These pregnant females were single housed on hardwood litter with ad libitum access to water and a standard pelleted food (Purina Lab Rodent Diet 5001). They were maintained on a 12 hour light-dark cycle in separate forced air cubicles in a bio-containment facility (ABSL2) to prevent cross-contamination. Newborn pups from different mothers were pooled and randomly reassigned to the mothers (n=10 pups per female).

In each experiment, cohorts of ten 4-day old infant rats were injected subcutaneously with 100 μl of either pre-immune serum, antiserum raised to a specific peptide, or PBS. The following day, each infant rat was challenged by intraperitoneal injection of approximately 1.5×10⁵ CFU of R2866. Inocula were prepared as previously described [15], and the actual infective dosage was confirmed by quantitative plating. At 24 or 48 hours post-infection, blood samples (50 μl) were obtained from the anesthetized infant rats (gaseous isoflourane) by cardiac puncture. Bacterial titers were determined using a modified track-dilution method as previously described [15]. All plates were incubated at 37° C. for 24-48 hours to quantify CFU/ml. The Fisher Exact Test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences in the fraction of animals developing bacteremia in different infant rat cohorts. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences in the mean bacteremic titers between groups of infant rats. A P value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results

Immunological Examination of NTHi Peptides

Preliminary experiments were performed to gauge the likelihood that conserved SEPs represent protective epitopes. These experiments were initiated when the available sequenced H. influenzae genomes were limited. Five complete genomes were utilized in these studies and were the originally sequenced isolate Rd KW20, a sequenced type b isolate 10810, and three NTHi isolates (86-028NP, R2866, and R2846). The protein of interest in these studies was the heme-hemopexin utilization protein HxuC [16-17]. The HxuC protein sequences from the five genome-sequenced isolates, as well as several stand-alone HxuC protein sequences from additional strains, were used to perform sequence alignments. At the same time, a predicted molecular model was constructed, and the putative surface-exposed regions were determined. Peptide epitopes from 31 regions showing a high degree of sequence conservation were selected for immunological examination (Table 1).

In a screening experiment (FIG. 1), the five KLH-conjugated peptides were mixed to provide a pentavalent preparation that was used to immunize two adult rats as described. FIG. 1 depicts protection afforded by anti-HxuC antisera in the infant rat model of NTHi bacteremia. Panel A shows the percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with pentavalent anti-HxuC antisera with detectable bacteremia 48 hours after infection. Twenty-four hours prior to infection, cohorts of infant rats were pretreated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pre-immune serum (PIS), or peptide-specific antiserum (PSAS). Fisher's exact test was used to compare percentages of bacteremic pups (P=0.0011 for PBS vs PSAS and P=0.0198 for PIS vs PSAS). Panel B shows the percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with antisera against specific HxuC peptides with detectable bacteremia 48 hours after infection. Fisher's exact test was used to compare percentages of bacteremic pups (P=0.0011 for PBS vs HxuC1 and P=0.0001 for PBS vs HxuC2). Panel C shows bacteremic titers in infected infant rats pretreated with antisera against specific HxuC peptides 48 hours after infection. Filled dots represent the bacteremic titer in each individual animal in a cohort. The unfilled dot represents the average bacteremic titers in all members of the cohort. Values of 1 or below represent animals with no detectable bacteremia. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare bacteremic titers (means±SD) (P=0.002 for PBS vs HxuC1 and P=0.0004 for PBS vs HxuC2).

The results indicate that antisera raised to the pentavalent peptide preparation provided significant protection against NTHi bacteremia by comparison with both PBS control and pre-immune sera from the same animals (FIG. 1A). Having demonstrated that antisera raised to the pentavalent-peptide preparation were protective, each of the five HxuC-derived peptides was examined individually. Antisera specifically against two of the peptides (HxuC1-SEQ ID NO: 97, and HxuC2-SEQ ID NO:101) were highly protective (FIG. 1). All animals receiving antisera to HxuC2 failed to develop bacteremia, while in the cohort receiving HxuC1 antisera 2 of 10 infected animals developed bacteremia (FIG. 1B). In the two animals in the HxuC1-antisera treated group that developed bacteremia, the bacterial titers were approximately 1000-fold less than control animals (FIG. 1C). Antisera to the remaining three peptides from HxuC, HxuC3, HxuC4, and HxuC5 did not provide statistically significant protection against NTHi invasive disease. Since certain peptides derived from HxuC gave rise to protective antisera, the study was extended to include additional potentially surface-exposed proteins from H. influenzae (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Peptides (epitopes) used for polyclonal antisera production Protein^(a) Peptide Sequence^(b) SEQ ID NO: HxuC-1 LYNNKTIEKEQRKV (peptide no. 3a)  97 HxuC-2 DHYDTSSKTVKYKD (peptide no. 5b) 101 HxuC-3 APSMQERFVSGAHFG (peptide no. 6a) 102 HxuC-4 KGKDKDSGEALSNIAASK (peptide no. 7b) 104 HxuC-5 ENLFDRKYQPAFSLMEGTGRN (peptide no. 9a) 109 ComE-1 TLNKDDG(V/I)YYLNGSQSGKGQ (peptide no. 1a and 1b) 589 Hel-1 DNSPYAGWQVQNNKPFDGKD (peptide no. 1a) 562 Hel-2 GDNLDDFGN(T/S)VYGKLNADRR (peptide no. 2a and 2b) 590 TdeA-1 QRRVDISTNSA(I/T)SHK (peptide no. 1a and 1b) 591 OmpU-1 SWDYQKSTSNHAFYRYDKNR (peptide no. 1a) 275 NTHi1140-1 EQCVYPNLTRILQQHFSKEDSYIHSQYVFFYPLEKIIGEQYVKIIQ 308 (peptide no. 1a) Hap-1 QDKRRYDSDAFRAYQQKTNLR (peptide no. 1a) 123 NlpI-2 LNEQKLKPQEAQTNLVERAKGLSED (peptide no. 2a) 139 NTHi0353-1 SVGDGIIAKDFTRDKSQNDFTSFVSGDYVWNVDSGL (no. 1a) 128 Lpp-1 VTGCANTDIFSGDVYSASQAKEARSITYGTIV (peptide no. 1a) 245 TpsB-21 GISKSGKLVGSIGEVFGIQDLNLGTSGVGDKSKVTVSGNIT (no. 21a) 460 Pal-1 KVLVEGNTDERGTPEYNIALGQRRADAVKGYL (no. 1a)  46 Pal-2 GKGVDAGKLGTVSYGEEKPAVLGHDEAAYSKNRRAVLAY (no. 2a)  47 BamA-2 FALEYNRNLYIQSMKFKGNGIKTN (peptide no. 2a) 327 BamA-3 GFGNKRLPFYQTYTAGGIGSLRGFAYGSIGPNAIY (no. 3a) 328 BamA-4 IKKYENDDVEQF (peptide no. 4a) 329 Spr-1 QLTGLINNLEKDNRTGIFHKVRTNRSSALMG (peptide no. 1a) 205 OmpE-2 GLYVYPEPKRYARSVRQYKILNCANYHLTQ (peptide no. 2a) 153 MltF-1 WQLAYRKNENRPKNLGNVKKDIYISNNLA (peptide no. 1a) 130 LppC-2 CYYGLSPEDEAESAANKMWNDGVRNPL (peptide no. 2a) 202 LptE-2 PILRINKQITSDQVASIFKHGREAEK (peptide no. 2a) 321 LptE-4 EVIWNDMREQVARQLIVKIIALQNQIK (peptide no. 4a) 325 NucA-1 TGSAMPGGSANRIPNKAGSNPEGSIA (peptide no. 1a) 145 OapB -1 QKMQVEKVDKALQKGEADRYLCQDD (peptide no. 1a)  57 BamD-6 QDALARMAYIKDALARHELEIAKFY (peptide no. 6a) 164 NlpB-4 PLAIIQNSITKFDGERSLIVYPKQ (peptide no. 4a) 122 LolB-3 DGSQWTADYLTYHSNNSMPENILL (peptide no. 3a) 257 PilF-1 TISKQLSAVIFPFIFSACVSQS (peptide no. 1a)  48 MltC-2 LVASRKDYVKYTDSFYTRSHVS (peptide no. 2a) 350 NTHi1387-3 LYNDDYSVAVLDFLVNKIEQE (peptide no. 3a) 268 SmpA-1 DVPQGNYLEATTVAQVKEGM (peptide no. 1a) 341 HemR-4 DNLFNRAYNPYLGELASGTGRN (peptide no. 4a) 488 Hup-1 FYSTALDSGQSGGSSQF (peptide no. 1a) 490 Tbp-1 HCSLYPNPSKNCRPTLDKPY (peptide no. 1a) 517 HgpC-1 DGLRQAETLSSQGFKELFEGYGNFNNTRNSIE (no. 1a) 537 ^(a)Annotated name of the protein in the NTHi isolates (suffix indicates peptide number). ^(b)Amino acid sequence of the select peptide. Residues in parentheses represent variant residues at that single position.

Genome Sequencing of Genetically Characterized Diverse NTHi Isolates

At the time that the HxuC peptides were selected, the number of sequenced genomes was too low to confidently determine conservation across the NTHi of any single gene and insufficient to determine the breadth of variation of each individual surface-exposed loop. Currently, over 30 NTHi genome sequences are publicly available. However, only nine of these sequences are complete; the rest are partial sequences that are not closed or expertly annotated. The partial sequences are only useful to confirm the presence and sequence of a particular gene within the respective genome. However, since all genes may not be present, absence of a SEP in an inadequately annotated genome sequence cannot exclude it from further consideration as a core SEP. To assure that the peptide selection included regions found in all NTHi, the genomes of an additional 12 NTHi isolates were sequenced. To assure genetic diversity, isolates for sequencing were chosen from strains previously used to define the breadth of the species by electrophoretic typing [3], as well as other NTHi clinical isolates from the inventor's culture collection. A multi-locus sequence analysis system based on five gene loci (adk, pgi, recA, infB, and 16S rRNA) was applied to these newly sequenced genomes [18]. Using these concatenated sequences from all the sequenced NTHi, a dendrogram was constructed to demonstrate the distribution of the newly sequenced isolates within the species (FIG. 2).

Identification of Core SEPs Present in the H. influenzae

Initially the complement of putative SEPs were identified in the NTHi strain 86-028NP. Such proteins were identified based on known annotation, the presence of export signal sequences, and their similarity to known OMPs in other species. Each coding region was analyzed using PSORTb and PSORT [19]. Proteins with localization signals indicating export across the cytoplasmic membrane were analyzed for homology to experimentally determined OMPs from other organisms. Finally, those proteins in which localization to the OM was putative were further subjected to analysis for structural motifs indicative of membrane-spanning domains. Ninety-six SEPs were identified in strain 86-028NP. This data set was then used to establish the presence of each allele in each of the 21 complete NTHi genome sequences. From these 21 complete sequences, a set of 62 NTHi core SEPs was identified (Table 2). Using all of the available genome and stand-alone gene sequences, the sequence conservation of each individual OMP gene was determined.

TABLE 2 Core Surface-Exposed Proteins of the Hi^(a) Rd 86-026NP Gene KW20 Probable locus designation locus Gene description Type^(b) NTHI0579 ytfL HI0452 Putative hemolysin (probable inner membrane) α-helix NTHI0576 HI0449 Conserved hypothetical protein Amorphous NTHI0560 comE HI0435 Outer membrane secretin ComE Amorphous NTHI0522 ompP1 HI0401 Outer membrane protein P1 β-barrel NTHI0509 yeaY HI0389 Slp family OM lipoprotein Amorphous NTHI0501 pal HI0381 Peptidoglycan associated OMP Amorphous NTHI0486 pilF HI0366 Transformation and Tfp-related protein PilF Amorphous NTHI0449 oapB HI0331 Opacity associated adhesion protein B Amorphous NTHI0448 oapA HI0330 Opacity associated adhesion protein A α-helix NTHI0409 pilA HI0299 Type II secretory pathway, major prepilin PilA Amorphous NTHI0370 hxuB HI0263 Heme-hemopexin utilization protein B β-barrel NTHI0369 hxuC HI0262 Heme-hemopexin utilization protein C β-barrel NTHI0363 nlpB HI0256 OMP assembly complex subunit NlpB/BamC Amorphous NTHI0354 hap HI0247 Adhesion and penetration protein precursor β-barrel NTHI0353 HI0246 Putative lipoprotein Amorphous NTHI0338 mltF HI0232 Membrane-bound lytic murein transglycosylase F Amorphous NTHI0335 nlpI HI0230 Lipoprotein NlpI Amorphous NTHI0303 nucA HI0206 5′-nucleotidase NucA Amorphous NTHI0267 ompE HI0178 Adhesin protein E Amorphous NTHI0266 bamD HI0177 OMP assembly complex subunit BamD Amorphous NTHI0252 yajG HI0162 Putative lipoprotein Amorphous NTHI0225 ompP2 HI0139 Outermembrane protein P2 β-barrel NTHI0220 HI0134 Putative OMP assembly protein β-barrel NTHI0205 mltA HI0117 Membrane-bound lytic murein transglycosylase A Amorphous NTHI0202 hemR HI0113 Probable TonB-dependent heme receptor β-barrel NTHI1987 yccT HI1681 Conserved hypothetical protein Amorphous NTHI1960 yraP NA Lipoprotein YraP Amorphous NTHI1957 lppC HI1655 Lipoprotein LppC Amorphous NTHI1954 spr HI1652 Lipoprotein Spr, probable murein endopeptidase Amorphous NTHI1930 HI1236m Conserved hypothetical protein β-barrel NTHI1627 nlpC HI1314 Lipoprotein NlpC Amorphous NTHI1668 tdeA HI1462 Outer membrane efflux porin TdeA β-barrel NTHI1794m HI1369 Probable TonB-dependent transporter β-barrel NTHI1473 lpp HI1579 15 kDa peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein α-helix NTHI1437 ygiM HI1605 Conserved hypothetical protein β-barrel NTHI1435 lolB HI1607 OM lipoprotein insertion protein LolB Amorphous NTHI1390 hup HI1217 Heme utilization protein β-barrel NTHI1387 HI1215 Conserved hypothetical protein Amorphous NTHI1342 olpA1 HI1174m Probable surface adhesion OlpA1 β-barrel NTHI1332 ompP5 HI1164 Outer membrane protein OmpP5 β-barrel NTHI1262 HI1098m Conserved hypothetical protein Amorphous NTHI1171 ompU HI0997m Putative OM protein OmpU β-barrel NTHI1169 tbp2 HI0995 Transferrin binding protein 2 Amorphous NTHI1168 tbp1 HI0994 Transferrin binding protein 1 β-barrel NTHI1164 igA1 HI0990 IgA1 protease β-barrel NTHI1140 HI0966 Conserved hypothetical protein β-barrel NTHI1133 ycfL HI0960 Putative lipoprotein YcfL Amorphous NTHI1101 HI0930 Putative lipoprotein Amorphous NTHI1091 lptE HI0922 LPS assembly OM complex LptDE component β-barrel NTHI1084 bamA HI0917 OM protein assembly factor BamA β-barrel NTHI1083 skp HI0916 Chaperone Skp (Omp26) Amorphous NTHI1005 smpA HI0838 omp assembly complex subunit SmpA/BamE Amorphous NTHI0921 mltC HI0761 Membrane bound-lytic murein transglycosylase C Amorphous NTHI0915 envC HI0756 Putative membrane-bound metalloprotease Amorphous NTHI0889 lptD HI0730 LPS assembly OM complex LptDE, protein LptD β-barrel NTHI0849 mlaA HI0718 Outer membrane lipid asymmetry protein MlaA α-helix NTHI0840m hgpC HI0712 Hemoglobin-haptoglobin utilization protein C β-barrel NTHI0830 lppB HI0706 OM antigenic lipoprotein B (NlpD) Amorphous NTHI0821 tpsA HI0698 Probable 2 partner secretion system TamA homolog β-barrel NTHI0820 tpsB HI0696 secretion system β-helical exported protein β-helix NTHI0816 hel HI0693 Outer membrane protein P4 Amorphous NTHI0811 glpQ HI0689 Glycerophosphodiesterase Amorphous NTHI0782 hgpB HI0661 Hemoglobin-haptoglobin utilization protein B β-barrel ^(a)Proteins were initially identified as putative members of the OMP complement using PSORT and PSORTb analysis of cellular localization of predicted protein sequences and/or due to homology to known OMP localized proteins. Lists were narrowed by excluding OMPs not conserved across the sequenced NTHi isolates and removal of proteins that lacked a strong probability of being localized to the outer membrane and having surface exposed residues. ^(b)Probable structure based on modeling. PRED-TMBB and BOMP (β-barrel), TMHMM (α-helix), amorphous for proteins that fit neither model or have components of both.

Molecular Modeling to Assess Surface-Exposed Regions of the SEPs

The presently disclosed SEPs fall into three main structural categories: β-barrel, α-helix, and amorphous. The majority of OMPs that are embedded in the membrane adopt the β-barrel structure, while the remaining OMPs have an α-helix based structure. The OMPs that are either secreted or bound to the outer membrane by a small lipophilic tail are more amorphous, often with no clearly defined common structural features. The inventor's previous studies focused on HxuC, a defined OMP with the β-barrel conformation. In the outer membrane, such proteins fold to create a barrel-like structure with a core, or plug, which can be shifted to allow ingress of a transported molecule [20,21]. Referred to as “gated porins,” these OMPs have been the focus of numerous X-ray crystallization studies. Since they are structurally constrained, it is possible to both map the NTHi OMPs to those with known crystal structure and to use computer assisted molecular modeling algorithms to determine the potential externally-exposed loops. In some cases, an external loop is small, comprising one or two residues, while other loops are longer and show variable degrees of sequence heterogeneity. A structure of one such NTHi conserved OMP (NTHI1794m in strain 86-028NP) has been proposed to demonstrate the topography and location of the OM loops. A Loop 3 is relatively conserved and satisfies the criteria for selection as a suitable peptide motif for generation of antisera. Similarly, the OMPs determined to have the α-helix conformation were mapped where possible to the conserved residues of OMPs in other species that have deduced crystal structures. OMPs which are loosely attached to the membrane have proven more difficult to map. To determine potentially exposed regions on these OMPs, numerous molecular prediction algorithms were utilized to identify potential transmembrane and exposed residues. These are usually based on hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity plots and periodicity of residues in these regions. Of the 62 core OMPs, 25 appear to have the β-barrel structure and four the α-helix structure, while the remaining OMPs appear to be amorphous structures anchored to the membrane by a polypeptide tail. To date, 46 of the core OMPs have been sufficiently modeled to identify surface exposed peptide motifs. These include 16 of the β-barrels, 2 of the α-helical proteins, and 23 of the amorphous structures (Table 2). Combining putative structure with the sequence alignments allows identification of conserved, putatively surface exposed regions. Tables 1, 3, and 4 show non-limiting examples of NTHi protein epitopes which can be used as peptides in immunogenic formulations of the present disclosure. Approximately 100 of the epitopes shown in Table 4 have 100% conservation among the OMPs.

Characterization of Protective Epitopes

In a subsequent experiment, from the sequence alignments, 5 external OM loops that showed conservation and that were a minimum of 10 amino acid residues in length were selected. The 5 selected epitopes were in addition to the 5 from HxuC peptides examined above (Table 1). The 5 additional epitopes were from 4 different proteins ComE, Hel, TdeA, and OmpU and were designated, respectively, ComE1, Hel1, Hel2, TdeA1, and OmpU1 (Table 2).

Each of these five epitopes was used in the immunization protocol described herein. The results in FIG. 3 depict protection afforded by antisera raised against ComE and Hel derived peptides in the infant rat model of NTHi bacteremia. Panel A shows the percentage of infected infant rats pretreated with anti-ComE1 antiserum with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection. Twenty-four hours prior to infection, cohorts of infant rats were pretreated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pre-immune serum (PIS), or anti-ComE1 antiserum (ComE1). Fisher's exact test was used to compare percentages of bacteremic pups (P=0.0031 for PBS vs ComE1 and P=0.0698 for PIS vs ComE1). Panel B shows bacteremic titers in infant rats pretreated with anti-ComE1 antisera 24 hours after infection. Filled dots represent the bacteremic titer in each individual animal in a cohort. Each unfilled dot represents the average bacteremic titers in all members of the cohort. Values of 1 or below represent animals with no detectable bacteremia. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare bacteremic titers (mean±SD) (P=0.07 for PBS vs PIS, P=0.0002 for PBS vs ComE1 and P=0.01 for PIS vs ComE1). Panel C shows the percentage of infected rats pre-treated with anti-Hel1 antisera with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection. Twenty-four hours prior to infection, cohorts of infant rats were pretreated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pre-immune serum (PIS), or anti-Hel1 antiserum (Hel1). Fisher's exact test was used to compare percentages of bacteremic pups (P=0.0325 for both PBS vs Hel1 and PIS vs Hel1). Panel D shows the bacteremic titers in infant rats pretreated with anti-Hel1 antiserum with detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection. Filled dots represent the bacteremic titer in each individual animal in a cohort. Each unfilled dot represents the average bacteremic titers in all members of the cohort. Values of 1 or below represent animals with no detectable bacteremia. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare bacteremic titers (mean±SD) (P=0.15 for PBS vs PIS, P=0.0003 for PBS vs Hel1 and P=0.0005 for PIS vs Hel1).

The TdeA1 peptide did not induce an antibody titer sufficient (absent further purification) to proceed with further study of that antigen. Antisera raised to the OmpU1 peptide also did not appear to provide a significant protective effect in the infant rat model. Seven of 10 infant rats pretreated with antiserum raised to ComE1 failed to develop bacteremia (FIG. 3A). While the rate of bacteremia of the anti-ComE1 treated group was significantly lower than the rate for the PBS treated group (P=0.0031), it did not significantly differ from the pre-immune serum treated group (P=0.0698), probably due to a small cohort size in the latter group (FIG. 3A). However, the bacteremic titer in the anti-ComE1 antiserum cohort was significantly lower than that seen in either of the control groups (FIG. 3B). Antiserum raised to the Hel1 was significantly protective when given to infant rats 24 hours prior to challenge with NTHi strain R2866. While all rats pretreated with either PBS or the pre-immune serum had detectable bacteremia 24 hours after infection 5 of 10 animals pretreated with anti-Hel1 antiserum were abacteremic (P=0.0325) (FIG. 3C). Bacteremic titers were also significantly lower in those rats pretreated with anti-Hel1 antiserum than those rats pretreated with either PBS or pre-immune serum (FIG. 3D). Antiserum raised to the Hel2 peptide gave similar results to those seen for Hel1 (data not shown).

In all, the passive protection by sera produced from the forty different peptide sequences in Table 1 was evaluated using the passive protection assay described above. Of the 40 epitopes evaluated, antisera raised against 20 of the 40 peptides provided significant protection in infant rats challenged with NTHi strain 82866 (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Peptide sequences (epitopes) producing polyclonal antisera that protected infant rats challenged with NTHi strain R2866. Protein^(a) Peptide Sequence^(b) SEQ ID NO:  HxuC-1 LYNNKTIEKEQRKV (peptide no. 3a)  97 HxuC-2 DHYDTSSKTVKYKD (peptide no. 5b) 101 ComE-1 TLNKDDG(V/I)YYLNGSQSGKGQ (peptide no. 1a and 1b) 589 Hel-1 DNSPYAGWQVQNNKPFDGKD (peptide no. 1a) 562 Hel-2 GDNLDDFGN(T/S)VYGKLNADRR (peptide no. 2a and 2b) 590 NTHi1140-1 EQCVYPNLTRILQQHFSKEDSYIHSQYVFFYPLEKIIGEQYVKIIQ 308 (peptide no. 1a) Hap-1 QDKRRYDSDAFRAYQQKTNLR (peptide no. 1a) 123 NlpI-2 LNEQKLKPQEAQTNLVERAKGLSED (peptide no. 2a) 139 Lpp-1 VTGCANTDIFSGDVYSASQAKEARSITYGTIV (peptide no. 1a) 245 TpsB-21 GISKSGKLVGSIGEVFGIQDLNLGTSGVGDKSKVTVSGNIT (no. 21a) 460 BamA-3 GFGNKRLPFYQTYTAGGIGSLRGFAYGSIGPNAIY (no. 3a) 328 BamA-4 IKKYENDDVEQF (peptide no. 4a) 329 OmpE-2 GLYVYPEPKRYARSVRQYKILNCANYHLTQ (peptide no. 2a) 153 LptE-2 PILRINKQITSDQVASIFKHGREAEK (peptide no. 2a) 321 LptE-4 EVIWNDMREQVARQLIVKIIALQNQIK (peptide no. 4a) 325 NucA-1 TGSAMPGGSANRIPNKAGSNPEGSIA (peptide no. 1a) 145 MltC-2 LVASRKDYVKYTDSFYTRSHVS (peptide no. 2a) 350 NTHi1387-3 LYNDDYSVAVLDFLVNKIEQE (peptide no. 3a) 268 SmpA-1 DVPQGNYLEATTVAQVKEGM (peptide no. 1a) 341 Tbp-1 HCSLYPNPSKNCRPTLDKPY (peptide no. 1a) 517 ^(a)Annotated name of the protein in the NTHi isolates (suffix indicates peptide number). ^(b)Amino acid sequence of the select peptide. Residues in parentheses represent variant residues at that single position. Protection was determined in passive protection assays in the infant-rat model of NTHi bacteremia (See FIGS. 1 and 4 for examples of data). Protection is based on the percentage of animals in the antisera-treated cohort with no detectable bacteremia 24-hours following infection compared to the pre-immune antisera and PBS-treated cohorts Yes, P < 0.05; No, P > 0.05

Ultimately, 591 peptide epitopes (SEQ ID NO:1-SEQ ID NO:591) were evaluated for sequence conservation across multiple NTHi genomes (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Eptiopes of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) Peptide Peptide Sequence SEQ ID Protein_(a) No. NO ComE 1a TLNKDDGVYYLNGSQSGKGQ 1 1b TLNKDDGIYYLNGSQSGKGQ 2 1c LTLNKDDGVYYLNGSQSGKGQVAGNLTTNEPHL 3 1d LTLNKDEGIYYLNGGQSGKGQVAGNLATNEPHL 4 1e LTLNKDEGIYYLNGGQSGKGQVAGNLTTNEPHL 5 1f LTLNKDEGIYYLNGGLSGKGQVAGNLTTNEPHL 6 1g LTLNKDEGIYYLNGGLSGKEQVAGNLTTNEPHL 7 1h LTLNKDEGIYYLNCSQSGKGQVAGNLTTNEPHL 8 2a NPKTDNECFFIRLSQAPLA 9 2b NPKTDNERFFIRLSQAPLA 10 3a TTGSGSLLSPDGSITFDDRSNLLVIQDEPR 11 3b TTGSGSLLSPAGSITFDDRSNLLVIQDEPR 12 3c TTGSGSLLSPVGSITFDDRSNLLVIQDEPR 13 3d TTGSGSLLSSAGSITFDDRSNLLVIQDEPR 14 OmpP1 1a GSASQRNVVPG 15 1b GSASERNVVPG 16 1c GSASARNVVPG 17 1d GSASQRNVIPG 18 2a EYDDSYDAGIFGGK 19 2b KYDDSYDAGIFGGK 20 2c KYDDSYDAGVFGGK 21 2d EYGDSYNAGIFGGK 22 2e EYGDSYNAGVFGGK 23 3a SKDKSVVSLQDRA 24 3b SQDKSVVSLQDRA 25 3c SKDTSVVSLQDRA 26 3d SKDKSVVSLQDKA 27 3e SKDTSVVSLQDSA 28 4a KVDIDFTDRTATS 29 4b KVDIDFTDRTASS 30 4c KVDIDFADRTATS 31 5a WSRLTKLHASFEDGKKAFDKELQYS 32 5b WSRLTKLNASFEDGKKAFDKELQYS 33 5c WSRLTKLHASFENGKKAFDKELQYS 34 5d WSRLTRLYASSENGKKAFDKELQYS 35 5e WSRLTKLNANFEDGKKAFDKELQYS 36 5f WSRLTKLHASYENGEKAFDKELQYS 37 5g WSRLTKLHASFEDGKKAFEKELQYS 38 6a DQAASRHHRSAAIPDTDRT 39 6b DQAASRHQRSAAIPDTDRT 40 6c DQAASRHQRSAAIPDTNRT 41 7a TTANYTSQAHA 42 7b STANYTSQAHA 43 7c ATANYTSQAHA 44 7d TNANYTSQAHA 45 Pal 1a KVLVEGNTDERGTPEYNIALGQRRADAVKGYL 46 2a GKGVDAGKLGTVSYGEEKPAVLGHDEAAYSKNRRAVLAY 47 PilF 1a TISKQLSAVIFPFIFSACVSQS 48 2a LSYLQQNNPQLAKINLDKALQHDKNYYLVHS 49 2b LSYLQQNNPQLAKINLDKALLHDKNYYLVHS 50 2c LSYLQQNNPQLAKINLDNALQHDKNYYLVHS 51 3a REYEIAVKLNHKQGDVHNNFGTFLCSQKKFEQAQQQ 52 3b REYEIAVNLNHKQGDVHNNFGTFLCSQKKFEQAQQQ 53 3c REYEIAVNLNYKQGDVHNNFGTFLCSQKKFEQAQQQ 54 4a MDIYQQTLEKLRQIDGKRAEKFNSLK 55 4b MDIYQQTLEKLRQINGKRAEKFNSLK 56 OapB 1a QKMQVEKVDKALQKGEADRYLCQDD 57 2a SEKLTLMISERGKNYANIRWMWQERDDFSTLKTNLGE 58 2b SEKLTLMISERGKNYANIRWMWQERDDFSMLKTNLGE 59 OapA 1a QTNFQQRKEPTFG 60 2a TEENISAVDEEI 61 3a VEKAEKPILAQPEKWK 62 4a LPAKHRRLFM 63 5a VLVILLIIFFALKPSSDTVESFTQSNSNE 64 6a FRDNQLNISDVNAMSKA 65 7a GAGNVLSSFKSGDKVTVSVNNQGRVNEMRLSN 66 7b GAGNVLSNFKSGDKVTVSVNNQGRVNEMRLSN 67 PilA 1a VSELLQASAPYKADVELCVYST 68 1b VSELLQASAPYKSDVELCVYST 69 HxuB 1a NQGNKYTGRY 70 2a TANYLDYKLGGNFKSLQSQ 71 2b TANYLHYKLGGNFKSLQSQ 72 3a QQAVYAKQKRK 73 3b QQAVNVKQKRK 74 3c QQAVYVKQKRK 75 3d QQAVTVKQKRK 76 3e QQAVSVKQKRK 77 3f QQAATAKQKRK 78 3g QQAVDAKQKRK 79 4a GNLANQTSEK 80 4b GNLANQTNEK 81 4c GNLANQTSEQ 82 4d GNLANQTNEQ 83 4e GNLANQTNET 84 4f GNLANQTNER 85 5a QFADKTLESSQKMLLGGLS 86 5b QFADKNLESSQKTLLGGLS 87 5c QFADKNLESSQKMLLGGLS 88 6a KPLDNNINNADKHQ 89 6b KPLDNNIDNADKHQ 90 6c KPLDNNIDNTDKHQ 91 HxuC 1a DNLRTGKGNK 92 1b DNLRIGKGNK 93 2a KQTAPSNNEVEVELTWEQI 94 2b KQTAPSNNEVEVELTWEKI 95 2c KQTAPGNNEAKVELTWEQI 96 3a LYNNKTIEKEQRKV 97 4a DAKFRADPYNANS 98 4b DAKFRAEPYNANS 99 5a DTSSKTVKYKD 100 5b DHYDTSSKTVKYKD 101 6a APSMQERFVSGAHFG 102 7a DKDSGEALSNIAAS 103 7b KGKDKDSGEALSNIAASK 104 7c KGRDKDSGEALSNIAASK 105 8a RVPKDHSVTYPSY 106 8b RVPKDHAVTYPSY 107 8c RVPKDHGVTYPSY 108 9a ENLFDRKYQPAFSLMEGTGRN 109 9b ENLFDRKYQPAFSLIEGTGRN 110 NlpB 1a MRRDGIIFTPNVSDKQYYTSERLNRIV 111 1b MRRDGIIFTPNISDKQYYTSERLNRIV 112 2a GCSSNPETLKASNDSFQKSEASIPHFSPLATGGVQ 113 2b GCSSNPETLKATNDSFQKSEASIPHFSPLATGGVQ 114 2c GCSSNPETLKATNDSFQKSETSIPHFSPLATGGVQ 115 2d GCSSNPETLKATNDSFQKSETNIPHFSPLATGGVQ 116 2e GCSSNPETLKATNDSFQKSETSIPHFSPLATGGVQ 117 3a LPKADDAYSLPNIEVKKRGDIDIR 118 3b LSKADDAYSLPNIEVKKRGDIDIR 119 3c LPKADNAYSLPNIEVKKRGDIDIR 120 3d LPKADDSYSLPNIEVKKRGDIDIR 121 4a PLAIIQNSITKFDGERSLIVYPKQ 122 Hap 1a QDKRRYDSDAFRAYQQKTNLR 123 1b QDKRRYDSDAFRAYQQKANLR 124 2a VDVSNANVQTTVN 125 3a LQQSFGRYW 126 3b LQQPFGRYW 127 NTHI0353 1a SVGDGIIAKDFTRDKSQNDFTSFVSGDYVWNVDSGL 128 1b SVGDGIIAKDFIRDKSQNDFTSFVSGDYVWNVDSGL 129 MltF 1a WQLAYRKNENRPKNLGNVKKDIYISNNLA 130 2a SIVNYHRVQENQTTNDNTNNESAVKNLEE 131 2b SIVNYHRVQENQTTNDNANNESAVKNLEE 132 2c SIVNYHRVQENQIINDNASNESAVKNLEE 133 2d SIVNYHRVQENQTINDNASNESAVKNLEE 134 NlpI 1a ELDSGYDYTHLNRGLNFYYVGRYHLA 135 1b ELDSSYDYTHLNRGLNFYYVGRYHLA 136 1c ELDSGYDYTHLNRGLNFYYVGHYHLA 137 1d ELDSGYDYTHLNRGLNFYYVGRYPLA 138 2a LNEQKLKPQEAQTNLVERAKGLSED 139 3a LQQRASEFAENSQQYA 140 3b LQQRANGFAENSQQYA 141 4a ILTETYFYLAKQKLNVGL 142 5a VDEAAALFKLAMANQ 143 5b VEYRFAAFELMKLK 144 NucA 1a TGSAMPGGSANRIPNKAGSNPEGSIA 145 2a YVAGGKDGYKTFGKLFNDPKYEGVD 146 2b YVAGGKDGYKTFGKLFNDPKYEGID 147 3a LPDAESFIKFMKKHPHFEAY 148 OmpE 1a SGYIRLVKNVNYYIDSESIWVDNQEPQIVHFD 149 1b SGYVRLVKNVNYYIDSESIWVDNQEPQIVHFD 150 1c SGYIRLVKNVNYYIDSESIVDNQEPQIVHFD 151 1d SGYIRLVKNVNYYIDSESIWVDNQESQIVHFD 152 2a GLYVYPEPKRYARSVRQYKILNCANYHLTQ 153 3a DFYDEFWGQGLRAAPKKQKHTLSLTPDTTLYNAAQIICANYG 154 3b DFYDEFWGQGLRAAPKKKHTLSLIPDTTLYNAAQIICANYG 155 BamD 1a ASVNELYTKGTTSLQEGS 156 2a YSEAIRYLKATTERFPGS 157 2b YSEAIRYLKATTERFPSS 158 3a QDYTQVLLMVDSFLHQF 159 3b QDYTQVLLTVDSFLHQF 160 4a NQAYAVYMAGLTNAATGDNFIQDFF 161 4b NQAYAVYMAGLTNAATGDNVIQDFF 162 5a ETTSMRTAFSNFQNLVR 163 6a QDALARMAYIKDALARHELEIAKFY 164 7a WVAVANRVVGML 165 8a TKATYEGLFLMQEAYEKM 166 9a ANDTQKIIDANKDKTFAPIEKPNEPDLKVPAV 167 9b ANDTQKIIDANKDKTFSPIEKPNEPDLKVPAV 168 YajG 1a SNAWVTVDVREFGTQVEQGNLRYKLNTKIQ 169 1b SNAWVTVDLREFGTQVEQGNLRYKLNTKIQ 170 1c SNAWVTVDVHEFGTQVEQGNLRYKLNTKIQ 171 1d SNAWVTVDVREFSTQVEQGNLRYKLNTKIQ 172 1e SNAWVTVDVREFATQVEQGNLRYKLNTKIQ 173 2a VYVQGAKGSYNKSFNVTHSQEGVFNAGNDEI 174 2b VYVQGAKGSYNKSFNVTRSQEGVFNADNDEI 175 2c VYVQGAKGSYNKSFNVTHSQEGVFNADNDEI 176 2d VYVQGAKGSYNKSFNVTHSQEGVFNAENDEI 177 3a TFNDIVNNIYQDQEVAAAINQYSN 178 3b TFNDIVNNIYQDQEVAVAINQYSN 179 OmpP2 1a ITSAEDKEYGV 180 1b ITTAEDKEYGL 181 1c ITTAEDKEYGV 182 MltA 1a CTSNTKNTQIPTTPNGSDPQQFGAKYTNRTYQQTA 183 1b CTSNTKNTQIPTTSNGSDPQQFGAKYTNRTYQQTA 184 1c CTSNTKNTQIPTTLNGSDPQQFGAKYTNRTYQQTA 185 1d CTSNIKNIQIPTTLNGSDPQQFGAKYTNRTYQQAA 186 2a SNIKNYSSKLSTNFYDNYEKITNWVL 187 2b SNIKIIQVNFPPIFTYNYEKITNWVL 188 3a SDSMLENFLLGVQGSGYVDF 189 4a YTAIGRLLVEDGEI 190 5a SIQAIREWGNRN 191 5b SIQAIREWSNRN 192 6a RAGHIAGLSKHYGRVWVL 193 Ycct 1a LAIDGQKASKSLGKAKTFTVDDTQNHQVVVRL 194 1b LAIDGQKASKSLGKAKTFTIDDTQNHQVVVRL 195 1c LAIDGQKASKSLGKAKTFTVDDTQSHQVVVRL 196 1d LVIDGQKAAKSLLKNTKTFNVSDTKHQVVVRL 197 2a IRNLDSGDKFNQMPNITVKTKSGNATSA 198 2b IRNLDSGDKFNEMPNITVKTKSGNATSA 199 LppC 1a ARIEMDKNLTDVQRRQDNIDKTWAL 200 1b ARIEMDKNLTDVQRHQDNIDKTWAL 201 2a CYYGLSPEDEAESAANKMWNDGVRNPL 202 3a DIPFFKDTNSPQYHKLAKSTGGEYQLMR 203 4a LSADTNCNVERDMTWYQYQDGAI 204 Spr 1a QLTGLINNLEKDNRTGIFHKVRTNRSSALMG 205 2a FGIELPRSTAEQRHLGRKINKSELKKGDLVFF 206 2b FGIELPRSTAEQRHLGRKINKSELKRGDLVFF 207 3a GQGVTISSLDEKYWARTYTQ 208 NTHI1930 1a VPAIFSSQTLLGKNATTQAFFDI 209 1b VPTIFSSQTLLGKNATTQAFFDI 210 1c VPAIFSSQTLLEKNATTQAFFDI 211 1d VPAIFSSQTLLGKNAATQAFFDI 212 2a GNAELKLASGQYHNEQSKTDFDWSNVVLN 213 2b GNAELKLASGQYHNEQSKADFDWSNVVLN 214 2c GNAELKLASGQYHNEQSKAELDWSNVVLN 215 2d GNAELKLASGQYHNEQSKADFDWSNIILN 216 2e GNAELKLASGQYHNEQSKADFDWSNIVLN 217 3a KTNLDELHINGNNLGKVTNNVEFNHIDGNA 218 3b KTNMDELHINGKNLGKFTNNLELNHIDGNA 219 3c KTNLDELHINGNNLGKVSNNVEFNHIDGNA 220 4a VQKLQQAGMIIANNQPQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 221 4b VQKLQQAGMEIANNQPQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 222 4c VQKLQQAGMEIANNQSQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 223 4d VQKLQQAGMVIANNQAQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 224 4e VQKLQQAGMTIANNQPQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 225 4f VQKLQQAGMAIANNQPQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 226 4g VQKLQQAGMLIANNQPQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 227 4h VQKLQQAGMIIANNQLQIKFTPLSISDEKGK 228 5a LENNDLKLNGKPIPEEQ 229 5b LENNELKLNGKPIPEEQ 230 NlpC 1a ASLFLFACSSFQNDDYAMNYKGQIGDPIMAIAM 231 2a DRFNLRLPRSTVEQANYGKHVRKEDIQTGDLI 232 2b DRFNLRLPRSTTEQANYGKHVRKEDIQTGDLI 233 2c DRFNLRLPRSTVEQANYGKHVRKEHIQTGDLI 234 3a FFKTGRGPNGYHVGIYVKEDKFLHAS 235 3b FFKTGLGPNGYHVGIYVKEDKFLHAS 236 3c FFKTGRGPNGYHVGIYVKEGKFLHAS 237 4a GVVYSSMNNPYWSKAFWQVRRI 238 4b GVVYSSMNNLYWSKAFWQVRRI 239 TdeA 1a QRRVDISTNSAISHK 240 1b QRRVDISTNSATSHK 241 1c QRRVDTSTNSATSHK 242 2a ASTVGTALHNP 243 2b ASTIGTALHNP 244 Lpp 1a VTGCANTDIFSGDVYSASQAKEARSITYGTIV 245 1b VTGCANTDVFSGDVYSASQAKEARSITYGTIV 246 1c VAGCTNTDIFSGDVYSASQAKEARSITYGTIV 247 2a IEEKMSQVNGAELVIKKDDGQEIVV 248 2b IEEKVSQVNGAELVIKKDDGQEIVV 249 LolB 1a ISPTERFSSRFEWQYQNPKSYTLKL 250 1b ISPKERFSSRFEWQYQNPKSYTLKL 251 1c ISPTERFSSHFEWQYQNPKSYTLKL 252 2a IQMHQSGMTISDNNGNQQYAANAKQLLQE 253 2b IQMHQSGMTISDNNGNQQSADNAKLLLQE 254 2c IQMNQSGMTISDNNGNQQSADNAKLLQE 255 2d IQMHQSGMTISDNNGNQQYAANSKQLLQE 256 3a DGSQWTADYLTYHSNNSMPENILL 257 NTHI1387 1a EFSVQNSPHLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYKEPIEQASR 258 1b EFSVQKSPHLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYKEPIEQASR 259 1c EFSVQNSPYLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYKEPIEQASR 260 1d EFSVQNSPYLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYQEPIEQASR 261 1e EFSVQNSPYLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYQEPIEQVSR 262 1f EFSVQNSPYLPSRDTIYFEDGRDYFSYKEPIEQVSR 263 2a LLFETSEKSRYTELSTSNKIQQWAEEQGLDK 264 2b LLFETSEKSRYTELSTSNKIQQWAEKQGLDK 265 2c LLFETSEKSRYTELSATNKIQQWAEEQGLDK 266 2d LLFETSEKSRYTELSSTNKIQQWAEEQGLDK 267 3a LYNDDYSVAVLDFLVNKIEQE 268 OlpA 1a THHGKVDGTKIQ 269 2a NQFKYTNRAEQKFKSSSDIKLGY 270 2b NQFKYTNRAEQNFKSSSEIKLGY 271 2c NQFKYTNRAEQKFKSSSDIELGY 272 2d NQFKYTNRTEQKFKSSSDIKLGY 273 3a FDSTKVNNY 274 OmpU 1a SWDYQKSTSNHAFYRYDKNR 275 2a FNGNGKYYWDNKKYNE 276 3a FQEKRWYAGGSSGTNTMKQYADK 277 3b FKEKRWYAGGSSGTNTMKQYADK 278 4a GKSRYKIRKHLDG 279 4b GKSRYKTRKHLDG 280 4c GESRYKIRKHLDG 281 5a RENTQALDNAYQQK 282 6a ANRAYREKDLIGIQQKNRE 283 6b ANRVYREKDLIGIQQKNRE 284 6c ANRVYREKDLIGIQQRNRE 285 7a LNDDNLNNAPKSGTKI 286 Tbp2 1a IPSLGGGMKLVA 287 1b IPSLGGGMKLVV 288 2a QKYVYSGLYYI 289 2b QRYVYSGLYYI 290 2c QQYVYSGLYYI 291 3a EGTLEGGFYGP 292 3b DGTLEGGFYGP 293 4a SFGEADYLLI 294 5a ACCSNLSYVKFG 295 5b ACCKNLSYVKFG 296 5c ACCNNLSYVKFG 297 6a AILLGGYFTYNS 298 6b ASELGGYFTYNS 299 IgA1 1a NYSSEQYRRF 300 1b NYSSSQYRRF 301 1c NYSSSQYRHF 302 2a GKINVNGYDFAYNVEN 303 2b GKINVTRYDFAYNVEN 304 2c GKINVNQYDFAYNVEN 305 2d GKINVNQYDFAYNMEN 306 2e GKINVDRYDFAYNVEN 307 NTHI1140 1a EQCVYPNLTRILQQHFSKEDSYIHSQYVFFYPLEKIIGEQYVKIIQ 308 2a VKGQYKNGMVEVQKNEDGTPKNSDGIATNQNKFF 309 2b VKGQYKNGMVEMQKNEDGTPKNSDGIATNQNKFF 310 2c VKGQYKNGMLEVQKNEDGTPKNSDGIATNQNKFF 311 3a DEKSMNYASYQFKKFRT 312 YcfL 1a NLTYSTKPILNITS 313 2a QKSAVIKNKS 314 3a LYWYDHLGVTQ 315 4a WENQQESYSAQF 316 5a LKPQEQKSIDLTKPTVESKNYRLYLK 317 5b LKPQEEKSIDLIKPTVESKNYRLYLK 318 5c LKPQEEKSIDLIKPTAESKNYRLYLK 319 LptE 1a QQSVTMPNEWRTLALESDDSYNDFTVIMRRKLQENQVN 320 2a PILRINKQITSDQVASIFKHGREAEK 321 3a RLANGESYPINAKVNRTFFDNARAA 322 3b RLTNGESYPINAKVNRTFFDNARAA 323 3c RLTNGESYPVNAKVNRTFFDNARAA 324 4a EVIWNDMREQVARQLIVKIIALQNQIK 325 BamA 1a ENYDNSKSDTSS 326 2a FALEYNRNLYIQSMKFKGNGIKTN 327 3a GFGNKRLPFYQTYTAGGIGSLRGFAYGSIGPNAIY 328 4a IKKYENDDVEQF 329 5a KLPDYGKSSR 330 5b SLPDYGKSSR 331 5c DLPDYGKSSR 332 6a SSDVIGGNAI 333 6b SSDVVGGNAI 334 Skp 1a AGYIFQHHPDRQAVADKL 335 2a ALEKDAPRLRQADIQKRQQEINKLGAAED 336 2b ALEKDAPRLRQADIQKRQEEINKLGATED 337 3a LMQEQDKKVQEFQAQNEKRQAEERGKLL 338 4a ATNNLAKAKGYTYVLDA 339 5a KDIIEEVLKSIPASEK 340 SmpA 1a DVPQGNYLEATTVAQVKEGM 341 2a LVDPYNSQTWYYVFLQQRAYETPVQHT 342 2b LIDPYNNYTWYYVFLQQRAYETPVQHT 343 2c LIDPYNNYTWYYVFLQQHAYETPVQHT 344 2d LIDPYNNYTWYYVFLQQRAYETPAQHT 345 3a TETHLDKPLPQVSQQGENNTIIETGEKPKSSWWK 346 3b TETHLDKPLPEVSQQGENNTIIETGEKPKSSWWK 347 3c TETHLDKPLPQVSQQDENNTIIETGEKPKSSWWK 348 MltC 1a DTQGLDILTGQFSHNID 349 2a LVASRKDYVKYTDSFYTRSHVS 350 3a VHTLLMGADAKGIDL 351 4a ANHVEVRARKYLPLIRKAAQR 352 5a GIDESLILGIMQTESSFNP 353 6a VFTMKGKGGQPSTRYLYDPANNIDAGVSYLW 354 6b VFTMKGKGGQPSTRYLYDPTNNIDAGVSYLW 355 6c VFAMKGKGGQPSTRYLYDPTNNIDAGVSYLW 356 7a NPTSKRFAMISAYNS 357 8a AGAVLRVFDNDK 358 9a DTAIYKINQMYPEQVYRILTT 359 10a SSQARNYLLKVDKAQK 360 EnvC 1a DLNQIQKQIKQQESKIEKQKREQAKLQANLKKHESK 361 1b DLNQIQKQIKQQESKIEKQKLQQAKLQANLKKHESK 362 1c DLNQIQKQIKQQESKIEKQKLQQTKLQANLKKHESK 363 2a KAERMKVYYQHLNQVRIEMI 364 3a SQQKNHRNQLSTQKKQQQALQKAQ 365 4a QSTLNELNKNLA 366 5a LKANEQALRQEIQRA 367 6a LAQRQKAEEKRTSKPYQPTVQERQL 368 7a QAGEVRWKGMVI 369 8a AGYLNGYGYMVIVK 370 9a TDLSLYGFNQ 371 10a QVGNTGEISRSALYFGIS 372 LptD 1a DRRRSGLLIPSAGTSN 373 1b DRRRSGLLIPSAGTSS 374 1c DRRRSGLLIPNAGTSN 375 2a GKVAGEYLGKDRYSEYASDNRKR 376 2b GKVAGEYLGKVRYSEYASDNRKR 377 2c GKVAGEYLGGDRYSEYASNNRKR 378 3a TRVSDKRYFNDFDSIYGRSTD 379 3b TRVSDKRYFDDFDSIYGRSTD 380 3c TRVSDKRYFNDFDSVYGRSTD 381 4a HQFQIFDDIVNIGP 382 4b RQFQIFDDIVNIGP 383 5a QAVRFDNDSELMPTA 384 5b QAVRFDNDSKLMPTA 385 6a TRYEQKKGSGKNAEDVQKTVNRVIPQ 386 6b TRYEQKKGSGKNAKDVQKTVNRVIPQ 387 7a PYRNQSNIGSTLNNDYLGFGYDSALVQQDYYSLFRDRRYSGLDRISSA 388 7b PYRNQSNIGSTLNNDYLGFGYDSALVQQDYYSLFRDHRYSGLDRISSA 389 7c PYRNQSNIGSTLNNEYLGFGYDSALVQQDYYSLFRDHRYSGLDRISSA 390 8a SNSRIDENPANKTPTSSA 391 9a DTHTNSTSLANTSLEYNPEKNNLIQLNYRYVNQEYIDQNLGKSANAYQ 392 QDIQQ 9b DTHTNSTSLANTSLEYNPEKNNLIQLNYRYSNQEYIDQNLGKSANAYQ 393 QDIQQ 10a VGVKRNVTNHQNQTRNEI 394 LppB 1a NVGGAWQPEIQKNSLPT 395 2a PAQPAFQPSPKTVVS 396 3a QHINIPRNPNTNAPDYSKISKGSYKGNTYKVNKGDT 397 3b QHINIPRNPNTNVPDYSKISKGSYKGNTYKVNKGDT 398 4a DVKELAALNNLSEPYNLSLGQVLK 399 5a KTVTTTVSVKQPAVT 400 6a AVTYTPGANGTQIGSDGTIIGPIKS 401 7a TSSTQVTSSVNN 402 8a WQWPTSGNIIQGFSSADGGNKGIDISGSRGQAVKA 403 8b WQWPTSGNIIQGFSSTDGGNKGIDISGSRGQAVKA 404 9a GNALRGYGNLIIIKHNDD 405 10a AYAHNDKILVADQ 406 10b AYAHNDKILVVDQ 407 11a KAGQDIAKMGSSGTN 408 12a RYKGKSVDPVRYLP 409 TpsA 1a EGEKENDTNTR 410 2a SFTQADITDKTLLLYPTVGFT 411 2b SFIQADITDKTLLLYPTVGFT 412 2c SESSFIKVQAS 413 3a LHTKDIEKIPPT 414 3b LHTKYIEKIPPT 415 3c LHTKGIEKIPPT 416 4a NKNGKLVGGSRLL 417 4b NRNGKLVGGSRLL 418 5a IRDKDNSKNI 419 TpsB 1a EPLKSAGKEILPASDVDL 420 1b EPLKSDGKEILPASDVDL 421 1c EPLKSDGKEILPESDVDL 422 1d EPLKSAGKEILPESDVDL 423 1e EPLKSSGKEILPESDVDL 424 2a LKKSTALSLKTKGV 425 2b LKKSTALSVKTKGV 426 3a AKGQYTFVNTMTPLKINDVTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 427 3b AKGQYTFVNTMAPLKINDVTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 428 3c AKGQYTFVNTMMPLKINDVTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 429 3d AKGQYAFVNTMTPLKINDVTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 430 3e AKGQYAFVNTMAPLKINDVTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 431 3f AKGQYSFVNTMAPLKINDMTLKLTGDLLNYHAE 432 4a SLDGKSEFVGTANWKEGANWDIQADLEKMN 433 4b SLDGKSEFVGTVNWKEGANWDIQADLEKMN 434 4c SLDGKSEFVGNANWKNSTDWDIQADLEKMN 435 4d SLDGKSEFVGTVNWKEGANWDIQADLEKMN 436 4e SLDGKSEFAGNANWKNGANWDIQADLEKMN 437 5a FFVPVMPATLSGKL 438 5b FFVPVMPAILSGKL 439 6a SRGFAGSQGWQVEV 440 6b SRGFADSQGWQVEV 441 7a PNLRGLWSDLK 442 8a LQGFQLAKASIKGHINN 443 9a HLLDLDLSGDEQ 444 10a QGNIPFQFKRVNLDL 445 11a HLAFSQKLDYRTF 446 12a IPKLTLNADIQNNNLVLKT 447 13a INVHNQGRIVGDI 448 13b INLHNQGRIVGDI 449 14a IANQLLTQGESVNG 450 14b IANQLLTSGESVNG 451 15a GNLEKPLLNG 452 16a IRTKLKSMPVNI 453 17a NNFNVDIPSMAK 454 18a RIKIDSLPDTAEPVSEDEVILNGPHKSKEE 455 18b RIKIDSLPDTAEPVSEDEIILNGPHKSKEE 456 19a TKGRYASFGQD 457 20a KITAGVRVIGIADSPEVTIFSEPSKSQDQALSYLLTGRSLESSG 458 20b KITAGVRVIGIADSPEVTIFSEPSKPQDQALSYLLTGRSLESSG 459 21a GISKSGKLVGSIGEVFGIQDLNLGTSGVGDKSKVTVSGNIT 460 22a FQSVSSTNQVF 461 Hel 1a DNSPYAGWQVQNNKPFDGKD 462 1b TMLDNSPYAGWQVKNNKPFDGKDWTRW 463 2a GDNLDDFGNTVYGKLNADRR 464 2b GDNLDDFGNSVYGKLNADRR 465 2c VGDNLDDFGNTVYGKLNADRRA 466 2d VGDNLDDFGNSVYGKLNADRRA 467 3a GEYRALAYQAYNAAKVAFD 468 3b GEYKALAYQAYNAAKVAFD 469 4a VEFNNYVNSHKGKVFY 470 4b VEFNNYVNSHNGKVFY 471 5a EKAGTIDDMKRLG 472 6a SAKAARFAEIEKQGYEI 473 7a ANMQLQQQAVLGLNWMQ 474 8a MLPNANYGGWEGGLAEGYFKKD 475 9a TQGQIKARLDAV 476 9b TQGQIKARLDAI 477 HemR 1a NAGDYKRPDNSKILFSKNNQKTGLIK 478 1b NAGDYKRPDNSRILFSKNNQKTGLIK 479 1c NADDYKRPDNSRILFSKNNQKTGLIK 480 2a GKNEIFKTRGVNCVGNA 481 2b GKNEIFKTRGVYCVGNA 482 2c GKNEIFKTRGVYCAGNA 483 2d GKNEIFKTRGVYCVGNS 484 3a KRDTSPRNPWGKTSTWIAEIP 485 3b KRDTSPRNPWGKTLTWIAEIP 486 3c KRDTSPRNPWSKTSTWIAEIP 487 4a DNLFNRAYNPYLGELASGTGRN 488 4b DNLFNRAYKPYLGELASGTGRN 489 Hup 1a FYSTALDSGQSGGSSQF 490 2a YGYSQREVSQDYRIGG 491 3a LPQRSVILQPSGK 492 3b LPKRSVILQPSGK 493 4a MPNIQEMFFSQVSVSNAGVNTALKP 494 4b MPNIQEMFFSQVSVSDAGVNTALKP 495 4c MPNIQEMFFSQVSVSDVGVNTALKP 496 5a ILKQGYGLSRI 497 5b ILKQGYGLSRV 498 5c TLKQGYGLSRI 499 6a QNLLDKRYVDPLDAGNDAASQRYYSSLN 500 6b QNLLDKRYVDPLDSGNDAASQRYYSSLN 501 6c QNLLDKRYVDPLDAGNDSASQRYYSSLN 502 7a DKTRVLYNFARGRTY 503 7b DKTRVLYNFARGRTY 504 7c DKPRVLYNFARGRTY 505 NTHI1794m 1a NSDQNGFQRGEIKPENISINGADPNQTAYFV 506 1b NSDQDGFQRGEIKPENISINGADPNQTAYFV 507 2a NWTPQEKERIEFGLRYSNYKELKYF 508 2b NWTPQEKERIELGLRYSNYKELKYF 509 3a GRSFASLKLANRLIK 510 3b GRSFASLKLANGILK 511 3c GRSFASLKLAYRILK 512 3d GRSFAPLKLANGILK 513 4a ELQPKYNKQTFNILAEKRLNDNLGMVLGYSRRTSSIEQNRLIG 514 4b ELQPKYDKQTFNILAEKRLNDNLGMVFGYSRRTSSIEQNRLIG 515 4c ELQPKYNKQTFNILAEKRLNDNLGMVFGYSRRTSSIEQNRLIG 516 Tbp1 1a HCSLYPNPSKNCRPTLDKPY 517 1b HCSLYPNPSKNCRPTRDKPY 518 2a ANESTISVGKFKN 519 3a NPSFAEMYGWRYGG 520 3b NPSFSEMYGWRYGG 521 4a VKDQKINAGLASVSSYLFDAIQPS 522 4b VKDQKINTGLASVSSYLFDAIQPS 523 5a NLLNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNVGNYTRYAASG 524 5b NLFNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNVGNYTRYAASG 525 5c NLLNYRYVTWEALRQTAQGAVNQHQNVGNYTRYAASG 526 5d NLLNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNIGNYTRYAASG 527 5e NLFNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNIGNYTRYAASG 528 5f NLLNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNVGSYTRYAASG 529 5g NLFNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNVGSYTRYAASG 530 5h NLFNYRYVTWEAVRQTAQGAVNQHQNIGSYTRYAASG 531 6a ETQVHKDALKGVQSY 532 6b ETQVHKDALRGVQSY 533 6c ETQVHPDALKGVQSY 534 7a ETVSVSDYTGANRIKPNPM 535 7b EIVSVSDYTGANRIKPNPM 536 HgpC 1a DGLRQAETLSSQGFKELFEGYGNFNNTRNSIE 537 2a HEIENYDYKIYPNKQADL 538 2b HEIENYDYKIYPNKQTDF 539 2c HEIENYDYKIYPNKQTDL 540 3a FGERIINDQSKR 541 3b HGERVINDQSKR 542 3c HGERIINDQSKR 543 3d YGERVINDQSKR 544 3e YGERIINDQSKR 545 4a TNKARSDEYCHQSTC 546 4b TNKARSDEYCHQPTC 547 4c TNKAHSDEYCHQSTC 548 5a NLALLLRKTTYK 549 5b NLALLLRKTDYK 550 6a FRAPTSDEIYMTFKHPQFSIQPNTDLKAE 551 6b FRAPTSDEIYMTFKHPDFSIGPNTDLKAE 552 6c FRAPTSDEIYMTFKHPQFSILPNTDLKAE 553 7a AAKKAKDSFNSQWTSMV 554 7b AAKKAKDTFNSQWTSMV 555 8a ANGKEVKDSRGLWRNNR 556 8b ANGKDVKDSRGLWRNNR 557 8c VNGKDVKDSRGLWRNNR 558 9a NLTNKKYLTWDSARSVRHLGTINRV 559 9b NLTNKKYLTWDSARSIRHLGTINRV 560 9c NLTNKKYLTWDSARSIRHIGTINRV 561 HgpB 1a QRIKTRARTDDYCDAGVR 562 1b QKIKTRARTDDYCDAGVR 563 1c QRIKTRARTDEYCDAGVR 564 2a QKGRMDGNIPMNAIQPK 565 2b QKGRINGNIPMNAIQPK 566 2c QKGRMNGNIPMNAIQPK 567 2d QKGRMNGNIPMNAIQPR 568 3a GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSARSIRSFGTSNVIEQTTGLGIN 569 RFYA 3b GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSVRSIRSFGTSNVIEQTTGQGI 570 NRFYA 3c GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSARSIRSFGTSNVIEQTTGQGI 571 NRFYA 3d GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSARSIRSFGTSNVIEQKTGQGI 572 NRFYA 3e GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSARSIRSFGTSNVIEQSTGLGIN 573 RFYA 3f GYVQPIKNLTIRAGVYNLTNRKYITWDSARSIRSFGTSNVIEQSTGQGIN 574 RFYA 4a HELENYDYKNADSLTQGKRREKADPY 575 4b HELENYGYKNYDDKIQGKRREKADPY 576 5a DSRHTNDKTKRRNISFSYENFSQTPFWDTLKITYS 577 5b DSRHTNDKTKRRNISFSYENYSQTPFWDTLKITYS 578 5c DSRHTNDKTKRRNISFSYENFSQTPFWDTLKLTYS 579 5d DSRHTNDKTKRRNISFSYENFSQTPFWDTLKITFS 580 6a WQERDLDTNTQQLNLDLTK 581 7a LCPRVDPEFSFLLP 582 7b LCHRVDPEFSFLLP 583 7c LCTRVDPEFSFLLP 584 8a QPKYKHGVTPKLPDDIVKGLFIPL 585 9a APTSDEMYFTFKHPDFTILPNTNLKPE 586 9b TPTSDEMYFTFKHPDFTILPNTDLKPE 587 9c APTSDEMYFTFKHPDFTIFPNTNLKPE 588 ComE-1 1a/b TLNKDDGXaaYYLNGSQSGKGQ 589 Hel-2 2a/b GDNLDDFGNXaaVYGKLNADRR 590 TdeA-1 1a/b QRRVDISTNSAXaaSHK 591 ^(a)Name of the protein target, hypothetical proteins denoted by locus designation in the 86-028NP genome annotation

DISCUSSION

There have been no vaccines licensed for prevention of infection caused by NTHi strains, or vaccines against both typeable Hi strains and NTHi strains. Since the NTHi strains lack capsular material, the principal moieties interacting with the external milieu are the lipooligosaccharides and the OMPs. In past years, several potential vaccine candidates against NTHi have been evaluated. In general, challenge with the homologous isolate has demonstrated protection, yet robust cross protection against other NTHi strains has not been observed. This may be a result of heterogeneity of the target region among NTHi strains. The H. influenzae protein D component of the pneumococcal vaccine has demonstrated a 35% protection rate in a clinical trial. From our studies, protein D (encoded by glpQ) exhibits multiple variant residues among NTHi strains. This may account for the low protection rate. Alternatively, expression of protein D may vary among different NTHi strains. Thus, failure of previous vaccine candidates may arise in part from problems of target protein conservation and/or biological accessibility. The present disclosure sought to obviate the problem of lack of conservation. An initial step in the present disclosure was to identify the conserved core OMPs shared by all the NTHi strains. Initially, 96 OMPs were identified in the genome sequence of strain 86-028NP. The presence of each of these genes was then determined in each of the other sequenced NTHi strains. These analyses indicated that most NTHi strains possess approximately 90 genes encoding OMPs. Of these, several are either distinct to a particular isolate or restricted to a few isolates, and are thus unsuited as vaccine candidates. For example, the Hmw1A, Hmw1B, Hmw2A, Hmw2B, HgpA, HgpD, and HgpE proteins are common among the NTHi, but not conserved in all [22,23]. Clearly, a large set of genomic sequences is required to exclude common, yet non-conserved OMPs. From the 21 genomically sequenced, diverse NTHi isolates, the core set of OMPs has been narrowed down to 62 proteins. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is proposed that 62 genes encode the core OMPs of the NTHi.

The membrane embedded OMPs are structurally constrained to two main conformations: the β-barrel and the α-helix. Of the 62 core proteins, 29 map to these two structures. Twenty-five of these are of the β-barrel conformation, and four have α-helix conformations. The remaining OMPs are mostly localized outside of the outer membrane and anchored by a lipophilic tail or are secreted. These are less restrained by the membrane, and conformation is more problematic to predict. Using the programs PRED-TMBB, BOMP (β-barrel), and TMHMM (α-helix), 46 OMPs have been modelled. Of the amorphous proteins for which no homologous crystal structure was available, many have regions predicted to correspond to α-helices. These are generally external and have been considered as such for peptide selection. Some of the OMPs have very low homology across the entire sequence. For example, OmpP5 has been modeled and the internal/external regions defined; however, the externally exposed faces are extremely heterologous, and none of the peptide regions fulfilled the criteria for selection as potential vaccine candidates.

Initially, putative externally exposed loops were selected based on the length of the conserved region. Regions containing 10 or more amino acids were selected as possible linear epitopes. Surprisingly, as noted above, over 100 such regions in Table 4 showed complete identity with no variant residues in any of the sequences. Other selected loops showed variant residues at one or more positions. Some externally positioned loops appeared at first inspection to have little homology among the strains; however, further examination indicated that several distinct peptide sequences would cover all of the known sequence permutations for that loop. These regions were also selected as conserved, potentially protective epitopes. The presence of conserved external loops suggests that these regions play a critical role in protein function. Alternatively, variations in these regions may be unnecessary if the regions are not available to the human immune system.

Based on the 46 modeled proteins, and the other OMPs whose structures have been partially evaluated (identification of α-helices and β-barrels), more than 200 peptides satisfied the initial screening criteria. An animal model was utilized to empirically determine in vivo antibody accessibility. Table 1 shows peptides that were analyzed to determine their biological accessibility. Each was synthesized, and a subset thereof was conjugated to KLH and used to raise antisera.

Initially, the 5 peptides targeting regions of HxuC were analyzed. Peptides HxuC1 and HxuC2 generated antisera that were protective against challenge with NTHi R2866. Since these experiments were performed, new sequencing data have revealed that HxuC5 has a variant residue in the middle of the loop of other strains. In two of the newer sequences, an isoleucine residue is substituted for a methionine residue. The protein in strain R2866 has the methionine residue. Thus, sequence heterogeneity cannot explain the lack of protection observed by antisera raised to peptide HxuC5.

Based on the availability of genomic sequences at the time of these studies, many of the peptides (with the exception of ComE1, Hel2, and TdeA) were designed to loops that were absolutely conserved across the NTHi strains. Peptides ComE1, Hel2, and TdeA were both designed to match the inherent variability of the corresponding OM loop. The available sequence data showed that each had a single variant residue. To address this heterogeneity, two peptides were made for each sequence, and an equimolar mixture of each was used to inoculate the adult rats. The outer membrane loop from which the ComE1 peptide was designed was estimated at 33 amino acid residues. From this, a 20 amino acid region was selected based on maximal immunogenicity predicted by the AbDesigner algorithm [12]. Similarly the 20-mer peptide Hel1 was selected from an estimated exposed loop of 27 residues. Examination of the efficacy of protection of these peptides showed clearance of bacteremia at 48 hours following administration of the antisera raised to both of the Hel peptides and with the antisera raised to the ComE1 peptide.

At least forty externally exposed, conserved peptides were used to produce peptide-specific antisera. The antisera were tested for their in vivo passive protective capacity using the infant rat model of invasive H. influenzae. Twenty of the forty peptides described and analyzed herein induced sufficient antibody production to produce sera that provided passive protection in the infant rat model of disease. Antisera raised against 20 appeared to be non-protective, though if purified further could potentially have been protective. These data demonstrate that many conserved outer membrane peptides are antibody available and are useful as components of a vaccine.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are therefore directed to a peptide composition comprising at least one peptide that is able to induce an antibody response against a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The peptide composition may include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more different peptides. Each of the one or more peptides may be from 10 to 60 amino acids in length and be either: (i) an amino acid sequence having from 80% to 100% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 80% or at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence as set forth in the group of peptides shown in Tables 1, 3, and 4; or (ii) an antigenic fragment of at least one of the peptides as set forth in Tables 1, 3, and 4.

More particularly, in at least certain embodiments, the peptide composition comprises one, two, or more peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-591, inclusive; (b) an antigenic fragment of at least one amino acid sequence of (a); and (c) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence of (a). In at least one embodiment, the peptide composition comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the amino acid sequences of (a)-(c) above.

More particularly, in at least certain embodiments, the peptide composition comprises one, two, or more peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (d) an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 97, 101, 123, 139, 145, 153, 245, 268, 308, 321, 325, 328, 329, 341, 350, 460, 462, 518, 589, and 590; (e) an antigenic fragment of at least one amino acid sequence of (d); and (f) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence of (d). In at least one embodiment, the peptide composition comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the amino acid sequences of (d)-(f) above.

In at least one embodiment, the peptide composition comprises one, two, or more peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (g) an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 97, 145, 153, 308, 325, 328, 341, 350, 460, 462, and 517; (h) an antigenic fragment of at least one amino acid sequence of (g); and (i) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence of (g). In at least one embodiment, the peptide composition comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the amino acid sequences of (g)-(i) above.

In a particular embodiment, the peptide composition comprises all the peptides of SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245; in an alternative embodiment of this peptide composition, one or more antigenic fragment(s) of SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245 replaces the corresponding peptide.

Any of the peptide compositions described above or otherwise contemplated herein may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle, diluent, and/or adjuvant. In addition, any of the peptide compositions described or otherwise contemplated herein may induce an antibody response against at least one or more Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains selected from the group including 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, NT127, HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, HI1426, HI1722, HI1974, HI2114 HI2116, and HI2343. In certain embodiments, the peptide composition is multivalent. Further, in addition to inducing an antibody response against at least one or more NTHi strains, the peptide composition may induce an antibody response against one or more Hi type b strains, including but not limited to, type b strains E1a, 10810, HI689, DL42 and HI701.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a peptide composition comprising at least one fusion polypeptide (fusion protein) able to induce an antibody response against a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. The fusion polypeptide may include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more different peptides linked in series, wherein each of the one or more peptides is from 10 to 60 amino acids in length. Each of the peptides is: (i) an amino acid sequence having from 80% to 100% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 80% or at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence as set forth in the group of peptides shown in Tables 1, 3, and 4; or (ii) an antigenic fragment of at least one of the peptides shown in Tables 1, 3, and 4.

More particularly, in at least certain embodiments, the fusion polypeptide comprises one, two, or more peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group of amino acid sequences of (a)-(i) above. The one, two, or more peptides may be linked together in any order, and the one, two, or more peptides may be linked directly together or indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences. In at least one embodiment, the fusion polypeptide comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group of amino acid sequences of (a)-(i) above. The five or more peptides may be linked together in any order, and the five or more peptides may be linked directly together or indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences.

In a particular embodiment, the fusion polypeptide comprises all the peptides having SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245, linked directly together in that order in series in the N-terminal to the C-terminal direction. Alternatively, the peptides may be linked indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences. In an alternative embodiment of this fusion polypeptide, one or more antigenic fragment(s) of SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245 replaces the corresponding peptide.

Any of the fusion polypeptides described above or otherwise contemplated herein may be present in a composition that also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle, diluent, and/or adjuvant. In addition, any of the fusion polypeptides described or otherwise contemplated herein may induce an antibody response against at least one or more Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains selected from the group including 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, NT127, HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, HI1426, HI1722, HI1974, HI2114 HI2116, and HI2343. In certain embodiments, the fusion polypeptide is multivalent. Further, in addition to inducing an antibody response against at least one or more NTHi strains, the fusion polypeptide may induce an antibody response against one or more Hi type b strains, including but not limited to, type b strains E1a, 10810, HI689, DL42, and HI701.

In certain other embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a peptide composition able to induce an antibody response against a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, wherein the peptide composition is a carrier molecule composition comprising at least one peptide coupled to a carrier molecule. Each peptide may be from 10 to 60 amino acids in length and be either: (i) an amino acid sequence having from 80% to 100% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 80% or at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence as set forth in the group of peptides shown in Tables 1, 3, and 4; or (ii) an antigenic fragment of at least one of the peptides as set forth in Tables 1, 3, and 4.

Further, the carrier molecule composition may include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more different peptides coupled to the same or different carrier molecules. Each peptide may be from 10 to 60 amino acids in length and be either: (i) an amino acid sequence having from 80% to 100% identity (such as, but not limited to, at least 80% or at least 90% identity) to at least one amino acid sequence as set forth in the group of peptides shown in Tables 1, 3, and 4; or (ii) an antigenic fragment of at least one of the peptides as set forth in Tables 1, 3, and 4.

More particularly, in at least certain embodiments, the carrier molecule composition comprises one, two, or more peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group of amino acid sequences of (a)-(i) above. The one, two, or more peptides may be linked to the carrier molecule directly or indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences. In at least one embodiment, the carrier molecule composition comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven peptides, wherein each peptide is selected from the group of amino acid sequences of (a)-(i) above. The five or more peptides may be linked to the carrier molecule directly or indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences.

In a particular embodiment, the carrier molecule composition comprises all the peptides having SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245; in an alternative embodiment of this carrier molecule composition, one or more antigenic fragment(s) of SEQ ID NOs: 308, 460, 153, 350, 268, 341, 329, 517, 123, and 245 replaces the corresponding peptide. The peptides may be linked to the carrier molecule directly or indirectly via one or more amino acid linker sequences.

Any of the carrier molecule compositions described above or otherwise contemplated herein may be present in a composition that also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle, diluent, and/or adjuvant. In addition, any of the carrier molecule compositions described or otherwise contemplated herein may induce an antibody response against at least one or more Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains selected from the group including 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, NT127, HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, HI1426, HI1722, HI1974, HI2114 HI2116, and HI2343. In addition to inducing an antibody response against at least one or more NTHi strains, the carrier molecule composition may induce an antibody response against one or more Hi type b strains, including but not limited to, type b strains E1a, 10810, HI689, DL42, and HI701.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method of inducing in a subject an active immunogenic response against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. The method includes the step of administering to a subject an immunogenically-effective amount of any of the peptide compositions, fusion polypeptides, and/or carrier molecule compositions as described above or otherwise contemplated herein, where the method is effective against at least one or more Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains selected from the group including 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, NT127, HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, HI1426, HI1722, HI1974, HI2114 HI2116, and HI2343, and in another embodiment additionally against at least one strain of a type b Hi, including but not limited to, type b strains E1a, 10810, HI689, DL42 and HI701.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method of providing a passive immune protection in a subject against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. The method includes the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of an antibody composition raised against any of the immunogenic peptide compositions, fusion polypeptides, and/or carrier molecule compositions as described above or otherwise contemplated herein, where the method is at least partially protective against at least one or more Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain selected from the group including 3655, 6P18H1, 7P49H1, PittAA, PittEE, PittGG, PittHH, PittII, R3021, R2846, R2866, 22.1-21, 22.4-21, 86-028NP, NT127, HI1373, HI1374, HI1388, HI1394, HI1408, HI1417, HI1426, HI1722, HI1974, HI2114 HI2116, and HI2343. In another embodiment, the method is additionally at least partially protective against at least one strain of a type b Hi, including but not limited to, type b strains E1a, 10810, HI689, DL42 and HI701.

While the present disclosure has been described herein in connection with certain embodiments so that aspects thereof may be more fully understood and appreciated, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited to these particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended that all alternatives, modifications and equivalents are included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined herein. Thus the examples described above, which include particular embodiments, will serve to illustrate the practice of the present disclosure, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of particular embodiments only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of procedures as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present disclosure. Changes may be made in the formulation of the various compositions described herein, the methods described herein or in the steps or the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Further, while various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in claims herein below, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited to these particular claims. Applicants reserve the right to amend, add to, or replace the claims indicated herein below in subsequent patent applications.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A peptide composition, comprising a plurality of peptides comprising at least two different amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two different amino acid sequences is from an externally exposed loop of an outer membrane protein (OMP) selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 589, SEQ ID NO: 462, SEQ ID NO: 590, SEQ ID NO: 308, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 245, SEQ ID NO: 460, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 350, SEQ ID NO: 268, SEQ ID NO: 341, and SEQ ID NO: 517, wherein each of the peptides induces an antibody response against a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), each of the peptides is linked together to form a fusion polypeptide, and a peptide at the amino-terminal end of the fusion polypeptide is duplicated at the carboxy terminal end of the fusion polypeptide.
 2. The peptide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least two different amino acid sequences are linked to a carrier molecule to form a carrier molecule composition.
 3. The peptide composition of claim 1, further defined as being able to induce an antibody response against at least one type b strain of Haemophilus influenzae.
 4. The peptide composition of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle, diluent, and/or adjuvant.
 5. The peptide composition of claim 1, further defined as comprising at least five of said amino acid sequences.
 6. The peptide composition of claim 5, wherein the at least five amino acid sequences are linked to a carrier molecule to form a carrier molecule composition.
 7. The peptide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least two different amino acid sequences comprise: SEQ ID NO: 328 from an outer membrane (OM) protein assembly factor BamA; and SEQ ID NO: 462 and/or SEQ ID NO: 590 from an outer membrane protein P4 designated Hel.
 8. The peptide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least two different amino acid sequences comprise: SEQ ID NO: 328 from an OM protein assembly factor designated BamA; and SEQ ID NO: 145 from a 5′-nucleotidase designated NucA.
 9. The peptide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least two different amino acid sequences comprise: SEQ ID NO: 328 from an OM protein assembly factor designated BamA; and SEQ ID NO: 321 and/or SEQ ID NO: 325 from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) assembly outer membrane (OM) complex LptDE component protein designated 1ptE.
 10. The peptide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least two different amino acid sequences comprise: SEQ ID NO: 328 from an OM protein assembly factor designated BamA; and SEQ ID NO: 139 from a lipoprotein designated N1pI.
 11. A peptide composition, comprising a plurality of peptides comprising at least two different amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two different amino acid sequences is from an externally exposed loop of an outer membrane protein (OMP) and at least one of the amino acid sequences is SEQ ID NO: 328, and wherein each of the peptides induces an antibody response against a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), each of the peptides is linked together to form a fusion polypeptide, and a peptide at the amino-terminal end of the fusion polypeptide is duplicated at the carboxy terminal end of the fusion polypeptide.
 12. The peptide composition of claim 11, wherein the peptide composition further comprises peptides having amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 462, SEQ ID NO: 590, and SEQ ID NO:
 145. 13. The peptide composition of claim 11, wherein the peptide composition further comprises peptides having amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 321 and SEQ ID NO:
 139. 14. The peptide composition of claim 11, wherein the peptide composition further comprises peptides having amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 462, SEQ ID NO: 590, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 321, and SEQ ID NO:
 139. 15. A method of inducing an immunogenic response in a subject, comprising the step of: administering to the subject an amount of a peptide composition which is effective in stimulating an immunogenic response against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) in the subject, wherein the peptide composition comprises at least two different amino acid sequences, wherein each the at least two different amino acid sequences is from an externally exposed loop of an outer membrane protein (OMP) selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 589, SEQ ID NO: 462, SEQ ID NO: 590, SEQ ID NO: 308, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 245, SEQ ID NO: 460, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 350, SEQ ID NO: 268, SEQ ID NO: 341, and SEQ ID NO: 517, and wherein each of the at least two different amino acid sequences is able to induce an antibody response against NTHi, each of the peptides is linked together to form a fusion polypeptide, and a peptide at the amino-terminal end of the fusion polypeptide is duplicated at the carboxy terminal end of the fusion polypeptide.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the peptide composition is also effective in inducing an antibody response against at least one type b strain of Haemophilus influenzae.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the peptide composition comprises at least five of said amino acid sequences.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least five amino acid sequences of the peptide composition are linked to a carrier molecule to form a carrier molecule composition. 